China: Threat or Friend? Essay -- Economics

China Threat or Friend? If you input Chinas GDP by using a Google search, the first result jumps into your eye should be a chart presented by World Bank, which indicates how dramatically the economy has grown in China from 0.10 trillion dollars in the year 1960 to 5.93 trillion in 2010. As Professor Stephen S. Roach wrote in his article 10 reasons why China is different, Chinas economy has made a break-through indeed due to its tremendous changes and unremitting efforts among strategy, commitment, wherewithal to deliver, saving, rural-urban migration, consumption, services, foreign direct investment, education and innovation. Stephen S. Roach 10 reasons why china is different So many cases illustrated how Chinas immense impacts not only in domestic but also on universe. By focusing on its worldwide influences, one evidential caseful in domestic was Lenovo purchased the giant IBMs PC branch in the year 2005. With the completion of the 1.75 billion bill, which was expected to hap pen before the end of the moment quarter, June 30, 2005, made Lenovo become a much larger company and had more than quadrupled of its yearbook revenue. The company, which owned just under $3 billion in annual revenue before the acquisition, now has annual revenue of around $13 billion and is the worlds third-largest PC vendor, behind Dell and Hewlett-Packard.(Sumner Lemon, IDG stark nakeds) Lenovo, as an indigenous computer try in mainland of China, was firstly incorporated in Hong Kong in the year 1988. It used to be a tiny computer producer and gained little influence in its market. After expanding its areas, Lenovo has become a multinational technology company as a technologic legend in China. Its products include personal computer... ...Chindia-Threat or Opportunity New Presence The Prague Journal of Central European Affairs, Winter2010, Vol. 12 Issue 4, p47-50.Economist, 6/26/2004, Vol. 371 Issue 8381, p44-45.Edward, Friedman and Barrett, McCormick, What If China Doesnt Democratize?(Armonk, NY M.E. Sharpe, 2000).Peter Hays Gries, Chinas New nationalism (Berkeley, CA University of California Press, 2004).David M. Lampton, Same Bed, Different Dreams Managing U.S.-China Relations 1989-2000 (Berkeley, CA California University Press, 2001).Robert ,Sutter, Chinas Rise in Asia Promises and Perils (Lanham, MD Rowman & Littlefield, 2005).Ming, Xia. China threat or a composed rise of China, The New York Times, March, 2006.Web. Wikipedia, List of Countries by GDP (nominal) per capita. World Economic Outlook Database-April 2012, International Monetary Fund. 18 April 2012.

Super Leadership :: Business, Creative Culture

Idea Generation and Creative Potential The global competitive forces are compelling presidential terms to develop highly innovative and productive environment, where melodic theme generation is encouraged and serves as a live blood for organizational survival by creating a strong creative shade. Because of this pressure on organization to be more creative, they are turning towards idea generation and developing creative potential of employees. Idea generation is one of the coherent phases of the creative affect (Kanter, 1988) (West & Farr, 1989).Similarly, it is argued that the creativity is nothing else but the generation of novel and effectual ideas (Amabile T. , 1988). Likewise, it is commented that various scientists characterize creativity as a source of generating novel or useful ideas by individuals or teams members. This manifests that idea generation and creativity are two sides of a same coin (Greenberg & Baron, 2003). moreover, creativity is a vital characteristic tie in to life that we act upon in daily routine. It covers a problem at workplace that become pleasure or an imagination that becomes a reality in a hi-tech world (Bonnardel, 1999). Creativity and productivity are highly correlated due to which firms strongly believe in the effects creativity has on better performance and due to this conviction, they spends a lot of money on creativity in firms (Dennard, 2000). However, in order to foster the idea generation and creative potential of employee in the organization are compelled to identify the underlying elements. For creating such environment, various factors have been identified & explored by the scholars (West M. A., Sparkling fountains or stagant ponds An integrative mannequin of creativity and innovation implementation in work groups, 2002a) (West M. A., Ideas are ten a penny its team implementation not idea generation that count, 2002b) (Mumford, 2003) (Gilson & Shalley, 2004) (Amabile, Barsade, Mueller, & Staw, 2005) (Shin & Zhou, 2003), and (Cheng, 1994).More recently, in a study, it is substantiated the importance of interpersonal character of idea generation as highlighted in recent literature on creativity. Furthermore, it is argued that the creation of ideas instigates the interaction in the midst of the individual and its social environment (Zhou, 2008). For idea generation, the broader (organizational) context needs to stimulate interpersonal contacts as much as possible. An open, helpful, somewhat informal culture, in which stack can easily call on others, facilitates formal and informal social connections and idea generation.Creative CultureEverybody has a role to play as citizens and consumers, culture and creativity, at the same time, help deliver new, more sustainable ways of living and working.

The Imagery of Fire in Virgil’s Aeneid Essay -- Allen Mandelbaum

The Imagery of Fire in Virgils AeneidIn discussing fire imagery in the Aeneid I will attempt in the course of this paper to bring in an analytic device to aid in assembling the wide armament of symbols into a more uniform set of meaning. Consistently throughout the Aeneid, fire serves to provoke the characters to action. Action which otherwise it is not clear they would enter upon. Fire clears the look for the juggernaut plot to advance. Juno, first of all, described as burning - pondering (with her hatred of the Dardans) goes to Aeolus with the idea of sending the winds to create an under-handed storm to destroy the Trojans, at the commode of their fleeing ships and successful escape from the Greeks (I.75)1. Fire from the Greeks burns wipe out Troy. Forced by necessity to flee for their lives, Aeneas can gain his fathers acquiescence only with the portent of cardinal flaming omens. Cupid in the form of Ascanius induces Dido with a fated love for Aeneas, consummated by their uni on in the cave. Jupiter with these words on his lips sends Mercury down to a lingering Aeneas at Carthage.Mercury, carry across the speeding winds the words I urge his lovely mother did not promise such a password to us she did not save him twice fromGrecian arms for thisbut to be master of Italy a land that teems with empire...to place all earth within his laws. But if the brightness of such deeds is not enough to kindle him...does hea fatherbegrudge Ascanius the walls of Rome? (IV.310-311)Mercury flies down to Aeneas and delivers these very words among others, Aeneas is struck dumb by this (and not for the last time) and afterwards He burns to flee from Carthage (IV.375). Much later , but significantly, the frenzy Allecto is sent by Juno to Amata, wife of... ...ld end here, it is just this absence of this full light the dimness of the darkness visible which constitute Virgils true and deliberate translation on his world.Bachelard, Gaston. the Psychoanalysis of Fire. trans. Al an CM Ross,pref. Northrop Frye Boston Beacon Press, 1964. (Orig pub. in French under the Title La Psychoanalyse du Feu 1938 by Librarie Gallimard)Eliade, Mircea. ch. 3 the Misfortunes of History, Ch. 4 the threat of History Cosmos and History the Myth of the Eternal Return. trans. Willard R. Trask. New York Harper and Row, 1959 (Orig. pub. in French under the title Le Myth de Eternal Retour... 1949 by Librarie Gallimard)Johnson, W R. Darkness Visible, a study of Vergils Aeneid. Berkeley Univ. California Press, 1976.Mandelbaum, Allen, the Aeneid of Virgil a verse translation by Allen Mandelbaum. New York Bantam Books, 1971-1981.

Teenage Suicide Essays -- Teenage Suicide Essays

Teenage SuicideEach day 86 Americans take their birth lives and another 1,500 attempts to do so. Even more disturbing is that suicide among a young people nation wide have increased dramatically in recent years. In fact thousands of teenagers each year commit suicide. It is the third jumper cable cause of death among young adults aged 15-24. With the first two leading causes being unintentional injury and homicide. There are many reasons why teenagers feel the need to take their own life. They are at a quantify in their life where they are strongly feeling stress, confusion, self doubt, pressure to succeed, and other fears while growing. Among the probable causes of teenage suicide are family problems, stress, drug and inebriant abuse, and depression. Depression and suicidal tendencies are caused by society today. What adolescents do not understand is that depression is a disease (Empfield, 2). With the proper medical treatment as hale as psychiatric treatment one can overcome depression.For some teenagers, divorce, the formation of a new family or moving to a new community can be very unsettling. Leaving behind comfort when moving can result in anger toward parents, which is usually taken forbidden at school or even on other children. The formation of a new family itself can be traumatic. What one child knew so well such as a father or mother, sisters and brothers, can be broken when they are replaced with new, particularly strange people who now have to theatrical role a home with this adolescent. Every day in America, 2,989 see their parents divorce (Empfield, 62). Young children take divorce the hardest for many reasons. It can even put them in a state of confusion. Since these young children are still growing, some of them still do not know wh... ...many adolescents in this country. Many adolescents do not crystalize that depression and suicidal feelings are treatable mental disorders. The first step is to recognize the illness. Thousands of boo ks have tried to answer the question of why people kill themselves. To be summarized into three words to stop pain. Sometimes the pain is physical, as in chronic or terminal illness. More often it is emotional, caused by a multitudinous of problems. In any case, suicide is not a random or senseless act, but an effective, if extreme, solution.Works CitedDew, Diane. The Troubles Teens Face. Http//www.dianedew.com/teens.htm.Empfield, Maureen. Understanding Teenage Depression. New York Henry Holt,2001.Kerns, Laurence L. portion Your Depressed Child. Rockin Prima Publishing, 1993.Suicide in the United States. Http//www.cdc.gov/ncipc/factsheets/suifacts.htm.

Standardized Testing Essay -- Standardized Testing Essays

Standardized Testing The utilisations of regularise experiments are to instruct decision making, depict program eligibility, evaluate course goals, evaluate program goals, and examine external curriculum. When a teacher gives and assesses a standardized test, they gain information about their students that helps them empathize what concepts they have learned according to the agenda for the subject at hand. If the assessment is performed in a sensible amount of time and given according to the directions, this purpose should be fulfilled however, it is a common belief that standardized tests do not work well in establishing where a student stands in a specific curriculum. The test uses a general curriculum that is the basis for the tests but the schools giving the tests may not have the same curriculum as the test itself assumes. (Costa and Kallick, 1995)The second purpose of standardized testing is to establish program eligibility. The standardized tests allow teachers to vi ew the areas where students may need help or where they may excel. However, standardized tests which allow teachers to view this type of information are not performed each year. This has a great affect on whether or not the information is entirely accurate. Many students may need assistance but do not receive any because of the scores of their tests. Many students who are behind continue to carry on that way until they are far enough behind to receive this assistance while other students continue to excel and are potentially bored as they review information they already know and understand. (Costa and Kallick, 1995)Thirdly, the evaluation of course goals is important. Standardized tests should allow educators to be able to assess whether or not ... ...eb on April 25, 2003 from ERIC Database. Miller, M.D. & Linn, R.L. (2000). test copy of Performance-Based Tests. Applied Psychological Measurement. Vol. 24, Issue 4, p. 367, 12p. Retrieved from the web on April 25, 2003 from the Academic assay Premier Database.Tanner, D.E. (2001). Authentic Assessment A Solution, or Part of the Problem? broad(prenominal) School Journal. Vol. 85, Issue 1, p.24-30. Retrieved from the web on March 10, 2003, from EBSCOhost Research Database. Baker, E.L. (2001, February). Testing and Assessment A Progress Report. Educational Assessment. p.1, 12p. Retrieved from the web on April 28, 2003 from the Academic Search Elite Database. Linn, R.L. (2001, January 1). A Century of Standardized Testing Controversies and Pendulum Swings. Education Assessment. p.29-38. Retrieved from the web April 28, 2003 from the Academic Search Elite Database.

Lives Of Saints: Christinas Strength In Resisting Societys Demands :: essays research papers

Lives of Saints Christinas Strength In Resisting Societys DemandsAs you grow older it is indispensable that you bequeath change in many ways. As amatter of fact it is impossible to survive without the ability to adapt tosituations and surroundings. This ability is acquired as you age, larn and recognise life. It is a part of growing up and hostelry demands that you adaptand conform to their mores and customs. It is always difficult to veer from thepath of uniformity which society leads. numerous multiplication you are able to slip byunnoticed with a minor variance from this path. However, when someone decides toblatantly blaze their own trail, often society makes their bring forward growth anddevelopment a difficult task. As a result the community entirely toleratesacquiescence and conformity. Like the character Cristina in Nino Riccis saucyLives of the Saints, it is only the most tenacious that can resist caving in tothe pressure.Often, this deviance can harm others, not ju st the dissident. Vittorio iscontinually badgered for the deeds his mother performed, and he is alike innocentto realize that, her independence of spirit is the reason. As well, Cristinasfather does not see past the debase which has slowly been built up in Valle delSole. The cloud which prevents most people from seeing how the failure to be anindividual rules the town, and how anyone with the nerve to be unique isostracized. Cristinas fathers failure to understand this leads to the declineand eventually their number destruction of the family structure.In many ways, the story of the character Cristina in the novel is similarto the story of Saint Christina. They both endure considerable suffering for stand up up for their beliefs. In both cases they have whole villages opposingthem, and neither of them give in, thus proving how strong they are. In the end,Santa Christina and Cristina end up leaving quarter these villages for a betterexistence.The villagers continuous attention to whatever Cristina does, prevents herfrom living her life as she would like. Cristinas only choice is to keep toherself and go about the tedious and repetitive housework she does day in andday out. This prevents any advance in her development and growth, she is leftlike a skipping record playing the same liaison everyplace and over, not making anyLives Of Saints Christinas Strength In Resisting Societys Demands essays research papers Lives of Saints Christinas Strength In Resisting Societys DemandsAs you grow older it is inevitable that you will change in many ways. As amatter of fact it is impossible to survive without the ability to adapt tosituations and surroundings. This ability is acquired as you age, learn andexperience life. It is a part of growing up and society demands that you adaptand conform to their mores and customs. It is always difficult to veer from thepath of uniformity which society leads. Many times you are able to slip byunnoticed with a minor variance f rom this path. However, when someone decides toblatantly blaze their own trail, often society makes their further growth anddevelopment a difficult task. As a result the community only toleratesacquiescence and conformity. Like the character Cristina in Nino Riccis novelLives of the Saints, it is only the most tenacious that can resist caving in tothe pressure.Often, this deviance can harm others, not just the dissident. Vittorio iscontinually badgered for the deeds his mother performed, and he is too innocentto realize that, her independence of spirit is the reason. As well, Cristinasfather does not see past the cloud which has slowly been built up in Valle delSole. The cloud which prevents most people from seeing how the failure to be anindividual rules the town, and how anyone with the nerve to be unique isostracized. Cristinas fathers failure to understand this leads to the declineand eventually their total destruction of the family structure.In many ways, the story of the chara cter Cristina in the novel is similarto the story of Saint Christina. They both endure considerable suffering forstanding up for their beliefs. In both cases they have whole villages opposingthem, and neither of them give in, thus proving how strong they are. In the end,Santa Christina and Cristina end up leaving behind these villages for a betterexistence.The villagers continuous attention to whatever Cristina does, prevents herfrom living her life as she would like. Cristinas only choice is to keep toherself and go about the tedious and repetitive housework she does day in andday out. This prevents any advance in her development and growth, she is leftlike a skipping record playing the same thing over and over, not making any

Lives Of Saints: Christinas Strength In Resisting Societys Demands :: essays research papers

Lives of Saints Christinas Strength In Resisting Societys DemandsAs you grow older it is inevit subject that you will modify in many an(prenominal) ways. As amatter of fact it is impossible to survive without the ability to adapt tosituations and surroundings. This ability is acquired as you age, learn andexperience life. It is a lineament of growing up and society demands that you adaptand conform to their mores and customs. It is always difficult to veer from thepath of uniformity which society leads. Many times you argon able to slip byunnoticed with a minor variance from this path. However, when someone decides toblatantly blaze their own trail, often society makes their further harvesting and organic evolution a difficult task. As a result the community only toleratesacquiescence and conformity. Like the character Cristina in Nino Riccis novelLives of the Saints, it is only the just about recollective that can resist caving in tothe pressure.Often, this deviance can harm others, not just the dissident. Vittorio iscontinually badgered for the deeds his mother performed, and he is too ingenuousto pull that, her independence of spirit is the reason. As well, Cristinasfather does not see past the cloud which has slowly been built up in Valle delSole. The cloud which prevents almost population from seeing how the failure to be anindividual rules the town, and how anyone with the nerve to be unique isostracized. Cristinas fathers failure to understand this leads to the declineand eventually their total destruction of the family structure.In many ways, the story of the character Cristina in the novel is similarto the story of Saint Christina. They two endure considerable suffering forstanding up for their beliefs. In both cases they have whole villages opposingthem, and neither of them give in, thus proving how strong they are. In the end,Santa Christina and Cristina end up leaving behind these villages for a bestexistence.The villagers straight att ention to whatever Cristina does, prevents herfrom living her life as she would like. Cristinas only choice is to keep toherself and go about the tedious and repetitive housework she does solar day in andday out. This prevents any advance in her development and growth, she is leftlike a skipping record playing the same thing over and over, not devising anyLives Of Saints Christinas Strength In Resisting Societys Demands essays research papers Lives of Saints Christinas Strength In Resisting Societys DemandsAs you grow older it is inevitable that you will change in many ways. As amatter of fact it is impossible to survive without the ability to adapt tosituations and surroundings. This ability is acquired as you age, learn andexperience life. It is a part of growing up and society demands that you adaptand conform to their mores and customs. It is always difficult to veer from thepath of uniformity which society leads. Many times you are able to slip byunnoticed with a minor var iance from this path. However, when someone decides toblatantly blaze their own trail, often society makes their further growth anddevelopment a difficult task. As a result the community only toleratesacquiescence and conformity. Like the character Cristina in Nino Riccis novelLives of the Saints, it is only the most tenacious that can resist caving in tothe pressure.Often, this deviance can harm others, not just the dissident. Vittorio iscontinually badgered for the deeds his mother performed, and he is too innocentto realize that, her independence of spirit is the reason. As well, Cristinasfather does not see past the cloud which has slowly been built up in Valle delSole. The cloud which prevents most people from seeing how the failure to be anindividual rules the town, and how anyone with the nerve to be unique isostracized. Cristinas fathers failure to understand this leads to the declineand eventually their total destruction of the family structure.In many ways, the story of th e character Cristina in the novel is similarto the story of Saint Christina. They both endure considerable suffering forstanding up for their beliefs. In both cases they have whole villages opposingthem, and neither of them give in, thus proving how strong they are. In the end,Santa Christina and Cristina end up leaving behind these villages for a betterexistence.The villagers continuous attention to whatever Cristina does, prevents herfrom living her life as she would like. Cristinas only choice is to keep toherself and go about the tedious and repetitive housework she does day in andday out. This prevents any advance in her development and growth, she is leftlike a skipping record playing the same thing over and over, not making any

Chapter 7 Mcgraw Hill Pertinent Questions Answers

Pertinent Questions Chapter 7 31. How did the Embargo affect the election of 1808, and what was the solvent of the new president to diplomatic problems that the Embargo had addressed? The Embargo created a depression on the nation and gave merchants the impression that Jefferson was acting unconstitutionally. Therefore, in the election of 1808, the Federalists ran stronger than before. until now though the Republicans won the presidency, Madison understood that the Embargo was a political liability and crimsontually removed it.Instead, he passed the Non-Intercourse Act, which told Britain and France that if either of them were to violate the United verbalizes rights as a neutral country, they would immediately oppose that country until they agreed. 33. What was Tecumsehs attitude toward the treaties previously negotiated between the United States and various Indian tribes? How did he fancy to prevent the expansion of white settlements? Tecumseh believed that the negotiations wer e all void since the refine belonged to all of the tribes. He thought that in order for the United States to actually gain the land, they would realise to consult all of the tribes.Tecumseh knew that in order to prevent the Americans from expanding, the Indian leaders would have to unite their cause. 35. Why did Americans want to wrest control of Florida from the Spanish? What attempts were make to do this before 1812? Which attempts were successful, and which failed? The South wanted to gain control of Florida in order to gain valuable ports. Florida also ran through rivers, making it suitable for fare and agriculture. In 1810, some settlers obtained the fort at Baton Rouge. Madison annexed the territory and then planned to gain more Floridian land.The attempt to gain more land from Florida was unsuccessful until later in time. 40. Why did New England oppose the War of 1812? Prior to 1814, what did the New England states do to hinder the war effort? The Federalist mainly work N ew England, though the party was diminishing. They opposed the war because gaining new land would increase the Republican Partys role. Their opstance resulted in hopes of secession and even the Hartford Convention. At times, Federalists even celebrated British victories. 41.What caused the leaders of New England to regard the War of 1812 as a threat to their future as a meaningful force in the United States? What did they propose to remedy this situation? If the Republicans won the War of 1812, they would then expand their country, showing their power in the position of the government. The Federalists, now a diminishing power, were afraid of their loss in the force of government, thus planning the Hartford Convention. The convention served to protest against the Republicans gaining of power and discussed the right of nullification and even hinted at secession.However, it was to no avail. 42. What effect did the Hartford Convention have on the Federalist Party? The Convention brough t together the Federalist Party in sharing ideas. Their plans to go against the Republican Party and their demands were planned in the Hartford Convention. The unsuccessfulness of the war almost improved the Federalists chances at power. However, when the news came of Jacksons victory, their plans at the convention seemed futile, showing the defeat of the Federalist Party. 43. What was the background to peace negotiations at Ghent?What did both sides initially demand, and why did they finally agree on the terms they did? some(prenominal) sides were tired from the war and gave up their previous strong demands. The United States, realizing that Britain had little reason to interfere with the commerce because of Napoleons defeat, did not push Britain to shake off up impressments or Canada territory. Britain, exhausted and in debt from the wars, did not push to have an Indian buffer state in the Northwest Territory. Negotiations were weak and hastily draw up.

Spoilage, Rework, and Scrap

Managers nonplus found that improved quality and intolerance for high spoiling eat lowered overall constitutes and increased sales. 18-2 despoilment social units of deed that do non meet the banners required by customers for good units and that atomic number 18 discarded or sold at reduced prices. Re lockunits of performance that do not meet the particularations required by customers but which atomic number 18 subsequently repaired and sold as good finished units. Scrapresidual material that results from manufacturing a product. It has low total sales determine comp ared to the total sales value of the product. 8-3Yes. approach pattern despoilment is despoliation underlying in a particular issue r offine that arises even under efficient operating conditions. Management decides the spoiling rate it considers conventionality dep resultant on the turnout process. 18-4 unnatural despoilation is spoilation that is not inherent in a particular production process and would not arise under efficient operating conditions. speak to of ab rule despoilation are unconnected cost, measures of inefficiency that should be written off demandly as losses for the fliering plosive speech sound. 18-5Management effort can affect the spoiling rate.Many companies are relentlessly reducing their order of form despoilation, spurred on by competitors who, likewise, are continuously reducing cost. 18-6 figure despoliation typically is expressed as a percentage of good units passing the reassessment point. Given actual fail units, we infer deviant spoilage as follows sub general spoilage = Actual spoilage public spoilage 18-7Accounting for spoiled goods deals with cost naming, rather than with cost incurrence, be mystify the existence of spoiled goods does not involve any additional cost beyond the centre already incurred. 18-8Yes. standard spoilage rates should be computed from the good go forthput or from the normal input, not the total input. c onvening spoilage is a given percentage of a certain popput suitcase. This base should never include unnatural spoilage, which is included in total input. Abnormal spoilage does not vary in commit proportion to units produced, and to include it would cause the normal spoilage count to fluctuate irregularly and not vary in take on proportion to the issueput base. 18-9Yes, the point of inspection is the key to the assignment of spoilage be. Normal spoilage cost do not attach solely to units transferred out(a).Thus, if units in closedown lap in process have passed inspection, they should have normal spoilage cost added to them. 18-10No. If abnormal spoilage is detected at a different point in the production cycle than normal spoilage, whence unit be would differ. If, however normal and abnormal spoilage are detected at the same point in the production cycle, their unit be would be the same. 18-11No. despoilment may be considered a normal characteristic of a given producti on cycle. The costs of normal spoilage caused by a random malfunction of a machine would be charged as a part of the manufacturing bang allocated to all jobs.Normal spoilage attributable to a specific job is charged to that job. 18-12 No. Unless there are special priming coats for charging normal retread to jobs that contained the bad units, the costs of extra materials, labor, and so on are usually charged to manufacturing overhead and allocated to all jobs. 18-13Yes. Abnormal re buy the farm is a loss just like abnormal spoilage. By charging it to manufacturing overhead, the abnormal process costs are spread over other jobs and also included in inscription to the extent a job is not complete. Abnormal work on is rework over and above what is expected during a cessation, and is recognized as a loss for that period. 8-14A company is justified in inventorying geek when its estimated net realizable value is significant and the time between storing it and selling or reusing it is quite long. 18-15 accompany managements measure chuck out to measure efficiency and to also control a tempting extraction of theft. Managements of companies that report high levels of scrap focus attention on ways to reduce scrap and to use the scrap the company generates more profitably. Some companies, for example, capability redesign products and processes to reduce scrap. Others may also examine if the scrap can be reused to save substantial input costs. 8-16(510 min. ) Normal and abnormal spoilage in units. 1. full spoiled units12,000 Normal spoilage in units, 5% ( 132,000 6,600 Abnormal spoilage in units 5, cd 2. Abnormal spoilage, 5,four hundred ( $10$ 54,000 Normal spoilage, 6,600 ( $10 66,000 dominance savings, 12,000 ( $10$120,000 Regardless of the targeted normal spoilage, abnormal spoilage is non-recurring and avoidable. The targeted normal spoilage rate is subject to change. Many companies have reduced their spoilage to almost zero, which would effect all poten tial savings.Of course, zero spoilage usually means higher-quality products, more customer satisfaction, more employee satisfaction, and variant beneficial effects on nonmanufacturing (for example, purchasing) costs of involve materials. 18-17(20 min. )Weighted-average method, spoilage, resembling units. closure register 18-17 calculates equivalent units of work through with(p) to insure for curb materials and variation costs. ascendent evince 18-17 sum come forwardput in corporal Units and enter return in equivalent weight Units Weighted-Average Method of unconscious process being with Spoilage, Gray Manufacturing Company for November 2006. (Step 1) (Step 2) equivalent weight Units carnal Direct rebirth Flow of return Units Materials be knead in process, graduation exercise (given) 1,000 Started during authentic period 10,150a To theme for 11,150 beneficial units holy and transferred out during current period 9,000 9,000 9,000 Normal spoilage* nose candy carbon ( nose candy% degree Celsius ( century% degree centigrade deoxycytidine monophosphate Abnormal spoilage 50 50 ( one C% 50 ( light speed% 50 50 work in process, termination (given) 2,000 2,000 ( 100% 2,000 ( 30% 2,000 600 Accounted for 11,150 tame through with(p) to while 11,150 9,750 a From below, 11,150 total units are historyed for. Therefore, units started during current period must be = 11,150 1,000 = 10,150. * class of period of normal spoilage in this discussion section send materials, 100% regeneration costs, 100%. storey of mop up of abnormal spoilage in this surgical incision direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. pointedness of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 30%. 18-18(20(25 min. Weighted-average method, assigning costs (continuation of 18-17). antecedent represent 18-18 calculates the costs per equivalent unit for direct materials and conversion costs, summarizes total costs to identify for, and assigns these costs to units absolute and transferred out (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in final result work in process. outcome give 18-18 encrypt cost per Equivalent Unit, Summarize follow be to Account For, and appoint occur cost to Units Completed, to bungle Units, and to Units in goal deform in Process Weighted-Average Method of Process be, Gray Manufacturing Company, November 2006. fall Production Direct spiritual rebirth be Materials cost (Step 3) snuff it in process, beginning (given) $ 2,533 $ 1,423 $ 1,110 be added in current period (given) 39,930 12,180 27,750 cost incurred to date 13,603 28,860 Divided by equivalent units of work through with(p) to date (11,150 ( 9,750 Cost per equivalent unit $ 1. 22 $ 2. 6 (Step 4) summation costs to account for $42,463 (Step 5) Assignment of costs expert units finished and transferred out (9,000 units) cost in the lead adding normal spoilage $37,620 (9,000 ( $1. 22) + (9,000 ( $2. 96) Normal spoilage (100 units) 418 (100 ( $1. 22) + (100 ( $2. 96) (A) marrow cost of good units completed & transf. out 38,038 (B) Abnormal spoilage (50 units) 209 (50 ( $1. 22) + (50 ( $2. 96) (C) grow in process, stopping point (2,000 units) 4,216 (2,000 ( $1. 22) + (600 ( $2. 6) (A)+(B)+(C) good costs accounted for $42,463 Equivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs deliberate in Step 2 in resoluteness register 18-17. 18-19(15 min. )first in first out method, spoilage, equivalent units. settlement Exhibit 18-19 calculates equivalent units of work through in the current period for direct materials and conversion costs. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-19 Summarize Output in somatogenic Units and Compute Output in Equivalent Units First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method of Process Costing with Spoilage, Gray Manufacturing Company for November 2006. (Step 2) (Step 1) Equivalent Units Physi cal Direct variation Flow of Production Units Materials Costs make water in process, beginning (given) 1,000 Started during current period 10,150a To account for 11,150 in effect(p) units completed and transferred out during current period From beginning work in process 1,000 1,000 ( (100% (100%) 1,000 ( (100% ( 50%) 0 500 Started and completed 8,000 8,000 ( 100% 8,000 ( 100% 8,000 8,000 Normal spoilage* 100 100 ( 100% 100 ( 100% 100 100 Abnormal spoilage 50 50 ( 100% 50 ( 100% 50 50 dissemble in process, ending 2,000 2,000 ( 100% 2,000 ( 30% 2,000 600 Accounted for 11,150 build through in current period only 10,150 9,250 a From below, 11,150 total units are accounted for.Therefore, units started during current period must be 11,150 1,000 = 10,150. full stop of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 50%. 9,000 animal(prenominal) units completed and transferred out minus 1,000 physical units complete d and transferred out from beginning work-in-process inventory. *Degree of completion of normal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Degree of completion of abnormal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Degree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 30%. 18-20(20(25 min. )FIFO method, assigning costs (continuation of 18-19). final result Exhibit 18-20 calculates the costs per equivalent unit for direct materials and conversion costs, summarizes total costs to account for, and assigns these costs to units completed and transferred out (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in ending work in process. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-20 Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit Costs, Summarize derive Costs to Account For, and Assign totality Costs to Units Completed, to defective Units, and to Units in Ending Work in Process FIFO Method of Process Costing, Gray Manufactu ring Company, November 2006. wide-cut Production Direct Conversion Costs Materials Costs (Step 3) Work in process, beginning (given $1,423 + $1,110) $ 2,533 Costs added in current period (given) 39,930 $12,180 $27,750 Divided by equivalent units of work done in current period (10,150 ( 9,250 Cost per equivalent unit ______ $ 1. 0 $ 3 (Step 4) Total costs to account for $42,463 (Step 5) Assignment of costs grave units completed and transferred out (9,000 units) Work in process, beginning (1,000 units) $ 2,533 Costs added to beg. work in process in current period 1,500 (0a ( $1. 0) + (500a ( $3) Total from beginning inventory sooner normal spoilage Started and completed before normal spoilage (8,000 units) 4,033 Normal spoilage (100 units) 33,600 (8,000a ( $1. 20) + (8,000a ( $3) (A) Total costs of good units completed and transferred out 420 (100a ( $1. 20) + (100a ( $3) (B) Abnormal spoilage (50 units) 38,053 (C) Work in process, ending (2,00 0 units) 210 (50a ( $1. 0) + (50a ( $3) (A)+(B)+(C) Total costs accounted for 4,200 (2,000a ( $1. 20) + (60a ( $3) $42,463 a Equivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs mensurable in Step 2 in Solution Exhibit 18-19. 18-21(30 min. )Weighted-average method, spoilage. 1. Solution Exhibit 18-21A calculates equivalent units of work done in the current period for direct materials and conversion costs. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-21A Summarize Output in Physical Units and Compute Output in Equivalent Units Weighted-Average Method of Process Costing with Spoilage, Appleton Company for stately 2006. (Step 1) (Step 2) Equivalent Units Flow of Production Physical UnitsDirect Conversion Materials Costs Work in process, beginning (given) 2,000 Started during current period (given) 10,000 To account for 12,000 Good units completed and tsfd. out during current period 9,000 9,000 9,000 Normal spoilagea 900 (900 pic100% 900 pic100%) 900 900 Abnormal spoila geb three hundred (ccc pic100% 300 pic100%) 300 300 Work in process, endingc (given) 1,800 (1,800 pic 100% 1,800 pic 75%) ______ 1,800 1,350 Accounted for 12,000 Work done to date 12,000 11,550 aNormal spoilage is 10% of good units transferred out 10% ? 9,000 = 900 units. Degree of completion of normal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. bTotal spoilage = Beg. units + Units started Good units tsfd. out Ending units = 2,000 + 10,000 9,000 1,800 = 1,200 Abnormal spoilage = Total spoilage Normal spoilage = 1,200 900 = 300 units. Degree of completion of abnormal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. cDegree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 75%. 2 & 3. Solution Exhibit 18-21B calculates the costs per equivalent unit for direct materials and conversion costs, summarizes total costs to account for, and assigns these costs to units completed and transferred out (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in ending work in process, using the weighted-average method. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-21B Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit, Summarize Total Costs to Account For, and Assign Total Costs to Units Completed, to Spoiled Units, and to Units in Ending Work in Process Weighted-Average Method of Process Costing, Appleton Company, August 2006. Total Direct Conversion Production Materials Costs Costs (Step 3) Work in process, beginning (given) $ 28,600 $17,700 $ 10,900 Costs added in current period (given) 174,300 81,300 93,000 Costs incurred to date $99,000 $103,900 Divide by equivalent units of work done to date pic12,000 pic11,550 Cost per equivalent unit _______ $ 8. 250 $ 8. 957 (Step 4) Total costs to account for $202,900 (Step 5) Assignment of costs Good units completed and transferred out (9,000 units) Costs before adding normal spoilage $155,211 ( 9,000d pic$8. 25) + (9,000 d pic$8. 957) Normal spoilage (900 units) 15,521 (900d pic$8. 25) + (900d pic$8. 9957) (A) Total costs of good units completed and transferred out 170,732 (B) Abnormal spoilage (300 units) 5,174 (300d pic $8. 25) + (300d pic $8. 9957) (C) Work in process, ending (1,800 units) 26,994 (1,800d pic$8. 25) + (1,350d pic$8. 957) (A) + (B) + (C) Total costs accounted for $202,900 dEquivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs metrical in step 2 of Solution Exhibit 18-21A. 18-22 (30 min. )FIFO method, spoilage. 1. Solution Exhibit 18-22A calculates equivalent units of work done in the current period for direct materials and conversion costs. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-22A Summarize Output in Physical Units and Compute Output in Equivalent Units FIFO Method of Process Costing with Spoilage, Appleton Company for August 2006. (Step 1) (Step 2) Equivalent Units Flow of Production Physical Units Direct Conversion Costs Mater ials Work in process, beginning (given) 2,000 Started during current period (given) 10,000 To account for 12,000 Good units completed and transferred out during current period From beginning work in process a 2,000 2,000 ? (100% 100%) 2,000 ? 100% 50%) 0 1,000 Started and completed 7,000b (7,000 ? 100% 7,000 ? 100%) 7,000 7,000 Normal spoilagec 900 (900 ? 100% 900 ? 100%) 900 900 Abnormal spoilaged 300 (300 ? 100% 300 ? 00%) 300 300 Work in process, endinge (given) 1,800 (1,800 ? 100% 1,800 ? 75%) 1,800 1,350 Accounted for 12,000 _____ Work done in current period only 10,000 10,550 a Degree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 50%. b 9,000 physical units completed and transferred out minus 2,000 physical units completed and transferred out from beginning work-in-process inventory. c Normal spoilage is 10% of good units transferred out 10% ? 9,000 = 900 units. Deg ree of completion of normal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. d Total spoilage = Beg. units + Units started Good units tsfd. Out ending units = 2,000 + 10,000 9,000 1,800 = 1,200 Abnormal spoilage = Actual spoilage Normal spoilage = 1,200 900 = 300 units. Degree of completion of abnormal spoilage in in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. e Degree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 75%. 2 & 3. Solution Exhibit 18-22B calculates the costs per equivalent unit for direct materials and conversion costs, summarizes total costs to account for, and assigns these costs to units completed and transferred out (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in ending work in process, using the FIFO method. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-22B Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit, Summarize Total Costs to Account For, and Assign Total Costs to Units Completed, to Spoiled Unit s, and to Units in Ending Work in Process FIFO Method of Process Costing, Appleton Company, August 2006. Total Direct Conversion Production Materials Costs Costs (Step 3) Work in process, beginning (given) ($17,700 + $10,900) $ 28,600 Costs added in current period (given) 174,300 $ 81,300 $93,000 Divide by equivalent units of work done in current period pic10,000 pic10,550 Cost per equivalent unit $ 8. 130 $ 8. 152 (Step 4) Total costs to account for $202,900 (Step 5) Assignment of costs Good units completed and transferred out (9,000 units) Work in process, beginning (2,000 units) $ 28,600 Costs added to beg. work in process in current period 8,815 (0f ? $8. 13) + (1,000f ? $8. 152) Total from beginning inventory before normal spoilage 37,415 Started and completed before normal spoilage (7,000 units) 118,616 (7,000f ? $8. 13) + (7,000f ? $8. 8152) Normal spoilage (900 units) 15,521 (900f ? $8. 13) + (900f ? $8. 8152) ( A) Total costs of good units completed and transferred out 171,282 (B) Abnormal spoilage (300 units) 5,084 (300f ? $8. 13) + (300f ? $8. 8152) (C) Work in process, ending (1,800 units) 26,534 (1,800f ? $8. 13) + (1,350f ? $8. 152) (A) + (B) + (C) Total costs accounted for $202,900 fEquivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs calculated in step 2 in Solution Exhibit 18-22A. 18-23 (30 min. ) Standard-costing method, spoilage. 1. Solution Exhibit 18-23A calculates equivalent units of work done in the current period for direct materials and conversion costs. (It is the same as Solution Exhibit 18-22A. ) SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-23A Summarize Output in Physical Units and Compute Output in Equivalent Units Standard Costing Method of Process Costing with Spoilage, Appleton Company for August 2006. (Step 1) (Step 2) Equivalent Units Flow of Production Physical Units Direct Conversion Costs Materials Work in process, beginning (given) 2,000 St arted during current period (given) 10,000 To account for 12,000 Good units completed and transferred out during current period From beginning work in process a 2,000 2,000 ? (100% 100%) 2,000 ? 100% 50%) 0 1,000 Started and completed 7,000b (7,000 ? 100% 7,000 ? 100%) 7,000 7,000 Normal spoilagec 900 (900 ? 100% 900 ? 100%) 900 900 Abnormal spoilaged 300 (300 ? 100% 300 ? 00%) 300 300 Work in process, endinge (given) 1,800 (1,800 ? 100% 1,800 ? 75%) 1,800 1,350 Accounted for 12,000 Work done in current period only 10,000 10,550 a Degree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 50%. b 9,000 physical units completed and transferred out minus 2,000 physical units completed and transferred out from beginning work-in-process inventory. c Normal spoilage is 10% of good units transferred out 10% ? 9,000 = 900 units. Degree of completion of normal spoilage in this department di rect materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. d Total spoilage = Beg. units + Units started Good units tsfd. Out ending units = 2,000 + 10,000 9,000 1,800 = 1,200 Abnormal spoilage = Actual spoilage Normal spoilage = 1,200 900 = 300 units. Degree of completion of abnormal spoilage in in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. e Degree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 75%. 2 & 3. Solution Exhibit 18-23B calculates the costs per equivalent unit for direct materials and conversion costs, summarizes total costs to account for, and assigns these costs to units completed and transferred out (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in ending work in process, using standard costing. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-23B Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit, Summarize Total Costs to Account For, and Assign Total Costs to Units Completed, to Spoiled Units, and to Units in Ending Work in Process Standard Costing Method of Process Costing, Appleton Company, August 2006. Total Direct Conversion Production Materials Costs Costs (Step 3) Standard cost per equivalent unit (given) $ 17. 50 $8. 00 $9. 50 Work in process, beginning (given) $ 25,500 (2,000 ? $8. 00) + (1,000 ? $9. 50) Costs added in current period at standard prices 180,225 (10,000 ? $8. 00) + (10,550 ? $9. 0) (Step 4) Total costs to account for $205,725 (Step 5) Assignment of costs at standard costs Good units completed and transferred out (9,000 units) Work in process, beginning (2,000 units) $ 25,500 Costs added to beg. work in process in current period 9,500 (0f ? $8. 00) + (1,000f ? $9. 50) Total from beginning inventory before normal spoilage 35,000 Started and completed before normal spoilage (7,000 units) 122,500 (7,000f ? $8. 00) + (7,000f ? $9. 50) Normal spoilage (900 units) 15,750 (900f ? $8. 00) + (900f ? $9. 0) (A) Total costs of good units completed and transf erred out 173,250 (B) Abnormal spoilage (300 units) 5,250(300f ? $8. 00) + (300f ? $9. 50) (C) Work in process, ending (1,800 units) 27,225 (1,800f ? $8. 00) + (1,350f ? $9. 50) (A) + (B) + (C) Total costs accounted for $205,725 f Equivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs calculated in step 2 in Solution Exhibit 18-23A. 18-24(25 min. ) Weighted-average method, spoilage. 1. Solution Exhibit 18-24, jury A, calculates the equivalent units of work done to date for separately cost category in kinfolk 2006. 2. & 3.Solution Exhibit 18-24, venire B, calculates the costs per equivalent unit for each cost category, summarizes total costs to account for, and assigns these costs to units completed (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in ending work in process using the weighted-average method. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-24 Weighted-Average Method of Process Costing with Spoilage Superchip, September 2006. PANEL A steps 1 and 2Summarize Output in Physical Units and Compute Output in Equivalent Units (Step 1) (Step 2) Equivalent Units Physical Direct Conversion Flow of Production Units Materials Costs Work in process, beginning (given) four hundred Started during current period (given) 1,700 To account for 2,100 Good units completed and transferred out during current period 1,400 1,400 1,400 Normal spoilage* 210 210 ( 100% 210 ( 100% 210 210 Abnormal spoilage xcl 190 ( 100% 190 ( 100% 190 190 Work in process, ending (given) 300 300 ( 100% 300 ( 40% 300 120 Accounted for 2,100 Work done to date 2,100 1,920 *Normal spoilage is 15% of good units transferred out 15% ? 1,400 = 210 units.Degree of completion of normal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Total spoilage = 400 + 1,700 1,400 300 = 400 units Abnormal spoilage = Total spoilage ( Normal spoilage = 400 ( 210 = 190 units. Degree of completion of abnormal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Degree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 40%. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-24 PANEL B Steps 3, 4, and 5Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit, Summarize Total Costs to Account For, and Assign Total Costs to Units Completed, to Spoiled Units, and to Units in Ending Work in Process Total Production Direct Conversion Costs Materials Costs (Step 3) Work in process, beginning (given) $ 74,200 $ 64,000 $ 10,200 Costs added in current period (given) 531,600 378,000 153,600 Costs incurred to date $442,000 $163,800 Divided by equivalent units of work done to date ( 2,100 ( 1,920 Cost per equivalent unit costs of work done to date $210. 476 $85. 125 (Step 4) Total costs to account for $605,800 (Step 5) Assignment of costs Good units completed and transferred out (1,400 units) Costs before adding normal spoilage $414,104 (1,400( $210. 476) + (1,400( $85. 3125) Normal spoilage (210 units) 62,116 (210 ( $210. 476) + (210 ( $85. 125) (A) Total cost of good units completed and transferred out (B) Abnormal spoilage (190 units) 476,220 (C) Work in process, ending (300 units) 56,199 (190 ( $210. 476) + (190 ( $85. 3125) (A)+(B)+(C) Total costs accounted for 73,381 (300 ( $210. 476) + (120 ( $85. 3125) $605,800 Equivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs calculated in Step 2 in Panel A. 8-25 (25 min. ) FIFO method, spoilage. 1. Solution Exhibit 18-25, Panel A, calculates the equivalent units of work done in the current period for each cost category in September 2006. 2. & 3. Solution Exhibit 18-25, Panel B, calculates the costs per equivalent unit for each cost category, summarizes the total silicon chip discussion section costs for September 2006, and assigns these costs to units completed and transferred out (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in ending work in process under the FIFO method. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-25 First-in, First- out (FIFO) Method of Process Costing with Spoilage Superchip, September 2006.PANEL A Steps 1 and 2Summarize Output in Physical Units and Compute Output in Equivalent Units (Step 2) (Step 1) Equivalent Units Physical Direct Conversion Flow of Production Units Materials Costs Work in rocess, beginning (given) 400 Started during current period (given) 1,700 To account for 2,100 Good units completed and transferred out during current period From beginning work in process 400 400 ( (100% (100%) 400 ( (100% ( 30%) 0 280 Started and completed 1,000 1,000 ( 100% 1,000 ( 100% 1,000 1,000 Normal spoilage* 210 210 ( 100% 210 ( 100% 210 210 Abnormal spoilage 190 190 ( 100% 190 ( 100% 190 190 Work in process, ending 300 300 ( 100% 300 ( 40% 300 120 Accounted for 2,100 Work done in current period only 1,700 1,800 Degree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 30%. 1,400 physical units completed and transferre d out minus 400 physical units completed and transferred out from beginning work in process inventory. Normal spoilage is 15% of good units transferred out 15% ( 1,400 = 210 units. Degree of completion of normal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Abnormal spoilage = Actual spoilage ( Normal spoilage = 400 ( 210 = 190 units. Degree of completion of abnormal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Degree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 40%. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-25 PANEL B Steps 3, 4 and 5Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit, Summarize Total Costs to Account For, and Assign Total Costs to Units Completed, to Spoiled Units, and to Units in Ending Work in Process Total Production Direct Conversion Costs Materials Costs (Step 3) Work in process, beginning, $64,000 + $70,200 (given) $ 74,200 Costs added in current period (given) 531,600 378,000 153,600 Divided by equiv alent units of work done in current period ( 1,700 ( 1,800 Cost per equivalent unit $222. 353 $ 85. 33 (Step 4) Total costs to account for $605,800 (Step 5) Assignment of costs Good units completed and transferred out (1,400 units) Work in process, beginning (400 units) $ 74,200 Costs added beg. work in process in current period 23,893 (0 ( $222. 353) + (280 ( $85. 33) Total from beginning inventory before normal spoilage Started and completed before normal spoilage 98,093 (1,000 units) Normal spoilage (210 units) 307,686 (1,000($222. 353) + (1,000($85. 333) (A) Total costs of good units completed and 64,614 (210($222. 353) + (210($85. 333) transferred out (B) Abnormal spoilage (190 units) 470,393 (C) Work in process, ending (300 units) 58,461 (190($222. 353) + (190($85. 33) (A)+(B)+(C) Total costs accounted for 76,946 (300($222. 353) + (120( $85. 333) $605,800 Equivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs calculated in Step 2 in Panel A. 18-26 (30 min. ) Standard costing method, spoilage. 1. Solution Exhibit 18-25, Panel A, shows the numeration of the equivalent units of work done in September 2006 for direct materials (1,700 units) and conversion costs (1,800 units). (This deliberation is the same for FIFO and standard-costing. ) 2.The direct materials cost per equivalent unit of beginning work in process and of work done in September 2006 is the standard cost of $210 given in the problem. The conversion cost per equivalent unit of beginning work in process and of work done in September 2006 is the standard cost of $80 given in the problem. 3. Solution Exhibit 18-26 summarizes the total costs to account for, and assigns these costs to units completed (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in ending work in process using the standard costing method. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-26 Standard Costing Method of Process Costing with Spoilage Superchip, September 2006.Steps 3, 4, and 5Compute C ost per Equivalent Unit, Summarize Total Costs to Account For, and Assign Total Costs to Units Completed, to Spoiled Units, and to Units in Ending Work in Process Total Production Direct Conversion Costs Materials Costs (Step 3) Standard costs per equivalent unit (given) $ 290 $ 210 $ 80 Work in process, beginning* 93,600 (400 ( $210) + (120 ( $80) Costs added in current period at standard prices 501,000 (1,700 ( $210) + (1,800 ( $80) (Step 4) Costs to account for $594,600 (Step 5) Assignment of costs at standard costs Good units completed and transferred out (1,400 units) Work in process, beginning (400 units) $ 93,600 Costs added beg. ork in process in current period 22,400 (0 ( $210) + (280 ( $80) Total from beginning inventory before normal spoilage 116,000 Started and completed before normal spoilage (1,000 units) 290,000 (1,000 ( $210) + (1,000 ( $80) Normal spoilage (210 units) 60,900 (210 ( $210) + (210 ( $80) (A) Total costs of good units completed and transferred out 466,900 (B) Abnormal spoilage (190 units) 55,100 (190 ( $210) + (190 ( $80) (C) Work in process, ending (300 units) 72,600 (300 ( $210) + (120 ( $80) (A)+(B)+(C) Total costs accounted for $594,600 *Work in process, beginning has 400 equivalent units (400 physical units (100%) of direct materials and 120 equivalent units (400 physical units ( 30%) of conversion costs. Equivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs calculated in Step 2 in Solution Exhibit 18-25, Panel A. 18-27(2030 min. )Spoilage and job costing. 1. Cash 200 Loss from Abnormal Spoilage1,000 Work-in-Process defy1,200 Loss = ($6. 00 ( 200) $200 = $1,000 Remaining cases cost = $6. 00 per case.The cost of these cases is unaffected by the loss from abnormal spoilage. 2. a. Cash 400 Work-in-Process Control 400 The cost of the remaining good cases = ($6. 00 ( 2,500) $400 = $14,600 The unit cost of a good case now becomes $14,600 ( 2,300 = $6. 3478 b. Cash 400 Manufac turing discussion section smash Control800 Work-in-Process Control1,200 The unit cost of a good case remains at $6. 00. c. The unit costs in 2a and 2b are different because in 2a the normal spoilage cost is charged as a cost of the job which has exacting job specifications. In 2b however, normal spoilage is due to the production process, not the particular attributes of this specific job.These costs are, therefore, charged as part of manufacturing overhead and the manufacturing overhead cost of $1 per case already includes a preparedness for normal spoilage. 3. a. Work-in-Process Control 200 Materials Control, honorarium Payable Control, Manufacturing Overhead Allocated 200 The cost of the good cases = ($6. 00 ( 2,500) + $200 = $15,200 The unit cost of a good case is $15,200 ( 2,500 = $6. 08 b. Manufacturing discussion section Overhead Control 200 Materials Control, Wages Payable Control, Manufacturing Overhead Allocated200 The unit cost of a good case = $6. 00 per case c. The unit costs in 3a and 3b are different because in 3a the normal rework cost is charged as a cost of the job which has exacting job specifications.In 3b however, normal rework is due to the production process, not the particular attributes of this specific job. These costs are, therefore, charged as part of manufacturing overhead and the manufacturing overhead cost of $1 per case already includes a provision for this normal rework. 18-28(15 min. ) Reworked units, costs of rework. 1. The both alternative approaches to account for the materials costs of reworked units are a. To charge the costs of rework to the current period as a separate expense item as abnormal rework. This approach would highlight to White Goods the costs of the supplier problem. b. To charge the costs of the rework to manufacturing overhead as normal rework. 2.The $50 tumbler cost is the cost of the actual tumblers included in the washing machines. The $44 tumbler units from the new supplier were at last never us ed in any washing machine and that supplier is now bankrupt. The units must now be disposed of at zero establishment value. 3. The total costs of rework due to the defective tumbler units include the following a. the labor and other conversion costs spent on modify the new tumbler units b. the costs of any extra negotiations to obtain the replacement tumbler units c. any higher price the existing supplier may have charged to do a rush order for the replacement tumbler units and d. rdering costs for the replacement tumbler units. 18-29(25 min. )Scrap, job costing. 1. Journal first appearance to record scrap generated by a specific job and accounted for at the time scrap is sold is Cash or Accounts Receivable490 Work-in-Process Control490 To recognize asset from sale of scrap. A memorandum posting is also made to the specific job record. 2. Scrap common to variant jobs and accounted for at the time of its sale can be accounted for in two ways a. Regard scrap sales as a separate l ine item of revenues (the method generally used when the dollar amount of scrap is immaterial) Cash or Accounts Receivable4,000 Sale of Scrap4,000 To recognize revenue from sale of scrap. b.Regard scrap sales as offsets against manufacturing overhead (the method generally used when the dollar amount of scrap is material) Cash or Accounts Receivable4,000 Manufacturing Department Overhead Control4,000 To record cash raised from sale of scrap. 3. Journal entry to record scrap common to various jobs at the time scrap is returned to storeroom Materials Control4,000 Manufacturing Department Overhead Control4,000 To record value of scrap returned to storeroom. When the scrap is reused as direct material on a subsequent job, the journal entry is Work-in-Process Control4,000 Materials Control4,000 To record reuse of scrap on a job. Explanations of journal entries are provided here but are not required. 18-30 (30 min. Weighted-average method, spoilage. Solution Exhibit 18-30 calculates the eq uivalent units of work done to date for each cost category, presents computations of the costs per equivalent unit for each cost category, summarizes total costs to account for, and assigns these costs to units completed (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in ending work in process using the weighted-average method. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-30 Weighted-Average Method of Process Costing with Spoilage Cleaning Department of the Alston Company for May. PANEL A Steps 1 and 2Summarize Output in Physical Units and Compute Output in Equivalent Units (Step 1) (Step 2) Equivalent Units Physical Units Direct Conversion Flow of Production Materials Costs Work in process, beginning (given) 1,000 Started during current period given) 9,000 To account for 10,000 Good units completed and transferred out during current period 7,400 7,400 7,400 Normal spoilage* 740 ( 100% 740 ( 100% 740 740 740 Abnormal spoilage 260 ( 100% 260 (100% 260 260 260 W ork in process, ending (given) 1,600 ( 100% 1,600 ( 25% 1,600 1,600 400 Accounted for Work done to date 10,000 10,000 8,800 *Normal spoilage is 10% of good units transferred out 10% ? ,400 = 740 units. Degree of completion of normal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Total spoilage = 1,000 + 9,000 7,400 1,600 = 1,000 units Abnormal spoilage = 1,000 740 = 260 units. Degree of completion of abnormal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Degree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 25%. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-30 PANEL B Steps 3, 4, and 5Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit, Summarize Total Costs to Account For, and Assign Total Costs to Units Completed, to Spoiled Units, and to Units in Ending Work in Process Total Production Direct Conversion Costs Materials Costs (Step 3) Work in process, beginning (given) $ 1,800 $ 1,000 $ 800 Costs added in current period (given) 17,000 9,000 8,000 Costs incurred to date 10,000 8,800 Divided by equivalent units of work done to date (10,000 ( 8,800 Cost per equivalent unit ______ $ 1 $ 1 (Step 4) Total costs to account for $18,800 (Step 5) Assignment of costs Good units completed and transferred out (7,400 units) Costs before adding normal spoilage $14,800 (7,400 ( $1) + (7,400 ( $1) Normal spoilage (740 units) 1,480 (740 ( $1) + (740 ( $1) (A) Total costs of good units completed and transferred out 16,280 (B) Abnormal spoilage (260 units) 520 (260 ( $1) + (260 ( $1) (C) Work in process, ending (1,600 units) 2,000 (1,600 ( $1) + (400 ( $1) (A)+(B)+(C) Total costs accounted for $18,800 Equivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs calculated in Step 2 in Panel A above. 18-31(25 min. )FIFO method, spoilage.For the Cleaning Department, Solution Exhibit 18-31 calculates the equivalent units of work done in the current period for direct materials and conver sion costs, presents the costs per equivalent unit for direct materials and conversion costs, summarizes the total costs for May, and assigns these costs to units completed and transferred out (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in ending work in process under the FIFO method. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-31 First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method of Process Costing with Spoilage Cleaning Department of the Alston Company for May. PANEL A Steps 1 and 2Summarize Output in Physical Units and Compute Output in Equivalent Units (Step 2) (Step 1) Equivalent Units Physical Direct Conversion Flow of Production Units Materials Costs Work in process, beginning (given) 1,000 Started during current period (given) 9,000 To account for 10,000 Good units completed and transferred out during current period From beginning work in process 1,000 1,000 ( (100% (100%) 1,000 ( (100% ( 80%) 0 200 Started and completed 6,400 6,400 ( 100% 6,400 ( 100% 6,400 6,4 00 Normal spoilage* 740 740 ( 100% 740% ( 100% 740 740 Abnormal spoilage 260 260 ( 100% 260 ( 100% 260 260 Work in process, ending 1,600 1,600 ( 100% 1,600 ( 25% ______ 1,600 400 Accounted for 10,000 _____ _____ Work done in current period only 9,000 8,000 Degree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 80%. 7,400 physical units completed and transferred out minus 1,000 physical units completed and transferred out from beginning work-in-process inventory. Normal spoilage is 10% of good units transferred out 10% ( 7,400 = 740 units. Degree of completion of normal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Total spoilage = 1,000 + 9,000 7,400 1,600 = 1,000 units Abnormal spoilage = 1,000 740 = 260 units. Degree of completion of abnormal spoilage in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Degree of completion in this department direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 25%. S OLUTION EXHIBIT 18-31 PANEL B Steps 3, 4, and 5Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit, Summarize Total Costs to Account For, and Assign Total Costs to Units Completed, to Spoiled Units, and to Units in Ending Work in Process Total Production Direct Conversion Costs Materials Costs (Step 3) Work in process, beginning (given) $ 1,800 $1,000 $ 800 Costs added in current period (given) 17,000 9,000 8,000 Divided by equivalent units of work done in current period (9,000 (8,000 Cost per equivalent unit 1 1 (Step 4) Total costs to account for $18,800 (Step 5) Assignment of costs Good units completed and transferred out (7,400 units) Work in process, beginning (1,000 units) $ 1,800 Costs added to beg. work in process in current period 200 (0 ( $1) + (200 ( $1) Total from beginning inventory before normal spoilage 2,000 Started and ompleted before normal spoilage (6,400 units) 12,800 (6,400 ( $1) + (6,400 ( $1) Normal spoilage (740 units) 1,480 (740 ( $1) + (740 ( $1) (A) Total costs of good units completed and transferred out 16,280 (B) Abnormal spoilage (260 units) 520 (260 ( $1) + (260 ( $1) (C) Work in process, ending (1,600 units) 2,000 (1,600 ( $1) + (400 ( $1) (A)+(B)+(C) Total costs accounted for $18,800 Equivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs calculated in Step 2 in Panel A. 18-32 (35 min. Weighted-average method, mill Department (continuation of 18-30). For the Milling Department, Solution Exhibit 18-32 calculates the equivalent units of work done to date for each cost category, presents computations of the costs per equivalent unit for each cost category, summarizes total costs to account for, and assigns these costs to units completed (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in ending work in process using the weighted-average method. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-32 Weighted-Average Method of Process Costing with Spoilage Milling Department of the Alston Company for May. PANEL A Steps 1 and 2Sum marize Output in Physical Units and Compute Output in Equivalent Units (Step 1) (Step 2) Equivalent Units Physical Units Transferred- Direct Conversion Flow of Production in Costs Materials Costs Work in process, beginning (given) 3,000 Started during current period (given) 7,400 To account for 10,400 Good units completed and transferred out during current period 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 Normal spoilage* 300 300 ( 100% 300 ( 100% 300 ( 100% 300 300 300 Abnormal spoilage 100 100 ( 100% 100 (100%, 100 ( 100% 100 100 100 Work in process, ending (given) 4,000 4,000 ( 100% 4,000 ( 0% 4,000 ( 25% 4,000 0 1,000 Accounted for 10,400 Work done to date 10,400 6,400 7,400 *Normal spoilage is 5% of good units transferred out 5% ? 6,000 = 300 units. Degree of completion of normal spoilage in this department transferred-in costs, 100% direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Total spoilage = 3,000 + 7,400 6,000 4,000 = 400 units. Abnormal s poilage = 400 300 = 100 units. Degree of completion of abnormal spoilage in this department transferred-in costs, 100% direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Degree of completion in this department transferred-in costs, 100% direct materials, 0% conversion costs, 25%. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-32PANEL B Steps 3, 4, and 5Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit, Summarize Total Costs to Account For, and Assign Total Costs to Units Completed, to Spoiled Units, and to Units in Ending Work in Process Total Production Transferred-in Direct Conversion Costs costs Materials Costs (Step 3) Work in process, beginning (given) $ 8,900 $ 6,450 $ 0 $2,450 Costs added in current period (given) 21,870 16,280* 640 4,950 Costs incurred to date 22,730 640 7,400 Divided by equivalent units of work done to date (10,400 ( 6,400 (7,400 Cost per equivalent unit $2. 1856 $ 0. 0 $ 1 (Step 4) Total costs to account for $30,770 (Step 5) Assignment of costs Good units completed and t ransferred out (6,000 units) Costs before adding normal spoilage $19,713 6,000 ( ($2. 1856 + $0. 10 + $1) Normal spoilage (300 units) 986 300 ( ($2. 1856 + $0. 0 + $1) (A) Total cost of good units completed and transferred out (B) Abnormal spoilage (100 units) 20,699 (C) Work in process, ending (4,000 units) 329 100 ( ($2. 1856 + $0. 10 + $1) (A)+(B)+(C) Total costs accounted for 9,742 (4,000 ( $2. 1856)+(0 ( $0. 10)+(1,000 ( $1) $30,770 *Total costs of good units completed and transferred out in Step 5 Panel B of Solution Exhibit 18-30. Equivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs calculated in Step 2 in Panel A above. 18-33(25 min. )FIFO method, Milling Department (continuation of 18-31).Solution Exhibit 18-33 shows the equivalent units of work done in the Milling Department in the current period for transferred-in costs, direct materials, and conversion costs, presents the costs per equivalent unit for transferred-in costs, direct materials, and conv ersion costs, summarizes the total Milling Department costs for May, and assigns these costs to units completed and transferred out (including normal spoilage), to abnormal spoilage, and to units in ending work-in-process under the FIFO method. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-33 First-in, First-out (FIFO) Method of Process Costing with Spoilage Milling Department of the Alston Company for May.PANEL A Steps 1 and 2Summarize Output in Physical Units and Compute Output in Equivalent Units (Step 2) (Step 1) Equivalent Units Physical Transferred- Direct Conversion Flow of Production Units in Costs Materials Costs Work in process, beginning (given) 3,000 Started during current period (given) 7,400 To account for 10,400 Good units completed and transferred out during current period From beginning work in process 3,000 3,000 ( (100% ( 100%) 3,000 ( (100% ( 0%) 3,000 ( (100% ( 80%) 0 3,000 600 Started and completed 3,000 3,000 ( 100% 3,000 ( 100% 3,000 ( 100% 3,000 3,000 3,000 Normal spoilage* 300 300 ( 100% 300% ( 100% 300 ( 100% 300 300 300 Abnormal spoilage 100 100 ( 100% 100 ( 100% 100 ( 100% 100 100 100 Work in process, ending 4,000 4,000 ( 100% 4,000 ( 0% 4,000 ( 25% 4,000 0 1,000 Accounted for 10,400 Work done in current period only 7,400 6,400 5,000 Degree of completion in this department transferred-in costs, 100% direct materials, 0% conversion costs, 80%. 6,000 physical units completed and transferred out minus 3,000 physical units completed and transferred out from beginning work-in-process inventory. *Normal spoilage is 5% of good units transferred out 5% ( 6,000 = 300 units. Degree of completion of normal spoilage in this department transferred-in costs, 100% direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Total spoilage = 3,000 + 7,400 6,000 4,000 = 400 units. Abnormal spoilage = 400 300 = 100 units. Degree of completion of abnormal spoilage in this department transferred-in costs, 100% direct materials, 100% conversion costs, 100%. Degree of completion in this department transferred-in costs, 100% direct materials, 0% conversion costs, 25%. SOLUTION EXHIBIT 18-33PANEL B Steps 3, 4, and 5Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit, Summarize Total Costs to Account For, and Assign Total Costs to Units Completed, to Spoiled Units, and to Units in Ending Work in Process Total Production Transferred- Direct Conversion Costs in Costs Materials Costs (Step 3) Work in process, begin. given) ($6,450 + $0 + $2,450) $ 8,900 Costs added in current period (given) 21,870 16,280* 640 4,950 Divided by equivalent units of work done in current period ( 7,400 ( 6,400 ( 5,000 Cost per equivalent unit $ 2. 20 $ 0. 10 $ 0. 9 (Step 4) Total costs to account for $30,770 (Step 5) Assignment of costs Good units completed and transferred out (6,000 units) Work in process, beginning (3,000 units) $ 8,900 Costs added to beg. work in process in current period 894 ( 0 ( $2. 20)+(3,000( 0. 10)+( 600 ( $0. 9) Total from beginning inventory before normal spoilage Started and completed before normal spoilage (3,000 units) 9,794 Normal spoilage (300 units) (A) Total costs of good units completed and 9,870 3,000 ( ($2. 20 + $0. 10 + $0. 99) transferred out 987 300 ( ($2. 20 + $0. 10 + $0. 9) (B) Abnormal spoilage (100 units) (C) Work in process, ending (4,000 units) 20,651 (A)+(B)+(C) Total costs accounted for 329 100 ( ($2. 20 + $0. 10 + $0. 99) 9,790 (4,000( $2. 20)+( 0($0. 10)+(1,000($0. 99) $30,770 *Total costs of good units completed and transferred out in Step 5 Panel B of Solution Exhibit 18-31. Equivalent units of direct materials and conversion costs calculated in Step 2 in Panel A. 18-34 (20(25 min. ) Job-costing spoilage and scrap. 1. a.Materials Control 600 Manufacturing Department Overhead Control800 Work-in-Process Control1,400 (650 + 500 + 250 = 1,400) b. Accounts Receivable1,250 Work-in-Process Control1,250 2. a. The clause does not specify whether the 1% calculation is to be based on the input cost ($26,951 + $15,076 + $7,538) or the cost of the good output before the 1% normal spoilage is added. b. If the inputs are used to determine the 1% $26,951 + $15,076 + $7,538 = $49,565 1% of $49,565 = $495. 65 or $496, rounded. Then, the entry to leave the $496 normal spoilage cost on the job, remove the salvageable material, and charge manufacturing overhead would be Materials Control 600Manufacturing Department Overhead Control304 Work-in-Process Control 904 ($800 spoilage minus $496 = $304 spoilage cost that is taken out of the job $600 salvage value plus $304 = $904 or $1,400 minus $496 = $904) If the outputs are used to determine the 1% $26,951 $650 = $26,301 15,076 500 =14,576 7,538 250 = 7,288 $49,565$48,165 Then, $48,165 ( 1% = $481. 65 or $482, rounded. The journal entry would be Materials Control 600 Manufacturing Department Overhead Control318 Work-in-Process Control918 18-35(30 min. ) Job costing, rework. 1. Work-in-Process Control (SM-5 labours) ($550 ( 80)44,000 Materials Control ($300 ( 80)24,000 Wages Payable ($60 ( 80)4,800Manufacturing Overhead Allocated ($190 ( 80)15,200 Total costs assigned to 80 spoiled units of SM-5 Motors before considering rework costs. Manufacturing Department Overhead Control (rework)9,000 Materials Control ($60 ( 50)3,000 Wages Payable ($45 ( 50)2,250 Manufacturing Overhead Allocated ($75 ( 50)3,750 Normal rework on 50 units, but not attributable specifically to the SM-5 motor batches or jobs. Loss from Abnormal Rework ($180 ( 30)5,400 Materials Control ($60 ( 30)1,800 Wages Payable ($45 ( 30)1,350 Manufacturing Overhead Allocated ($75 ( 30)2,250 Total costs of abnormal rework on 30 units (Abnormal rework = Actual rework Normal rework = 80 50 = 30 units) of SM-5 Motors. Work-in-Process Control (SM-5 motors)6,000 Work-in-Process Control (RW-8 motors)3,000Manufacturing Department Overhead Allocated (rework)9,000 (Allocating man ufacturing department rework costs to SM-5 and RW-8 in the proportion 1,000500 since each motor requires the same number of machine-hours. ) 2. Total rework costs for SM-5 motors in February 2004 are as follows Normal rework costs allocated to SM-5$ 6,000 Abnormal rework costs for SM-5 5,400 Total rework costs$11,400 We emphasize two points a. Only $6,000 of the normal rework costs are allocated to SM-5 even though the normal rework costs of the 50 SM-5 motors reworked equal $9,000. The reason is that the normal rework costs are not specifically attributable to SM-5.For example, the machines happened to malfunction when SM-5 was being made, but the rework was not caused by the specific requirements of SM-5. If it were, then all $9,000 would be charged to SM-5. b. Abnormal rework costs of $5,400 are linked to SM-5 in the management control system even though for financial reporting purposes the abnormal rework costs are written off to the income statement. 18-36(30 min. )Job costing, scrap. 1. Materials Control10,000 Manufacturing Overhead Control10,000 (To record scrap common to all jobs at the time it is returned to the storeroom) 2. Cash or Accounts Receivable10,000 Materials Control10,000 (To record sale of scrap from the storeroom) 3. A summary of the manufacturing costs for HM3 and JB4 before considering the value of scrap are as follows HM3 JB4 Total Costs Direct materials $200,000 $150,000 $350,000 Direct manufacturing labor 60,000 40,000 100,000 Manufacturing overhead (200% of direct manufacturing labor) 120,000 80,000 200,000 Total manufacturing costs $380,000 $270,000 $650,000 Manufacturing cost per unit $19 $27 ($380,000pic20,000 $270,000pic10,000) The value of scrap of $10,000 generated during March allow reduce manufacturing overhead costs by $10,000 from $200,000 to $190,000. Manufacturing overhead will then be allocated at 190% of direct manufacturing labor costs ($190,000 ? $100,000 = 190%) The revised manufacturing cost per uni t would then be HM3 JB4 Total Costs Direct materials $200,000 $150,000 $350,000 Direct manufacturing labor 60,000 40,000 100,000 Manufacturing overhead (190% of direct manufacturing labor) 114,000 76,000 190,000 Total manufacturing costs $374,000 $266,000 $640,000 Manufacturing cost per unit $18. 70 $26. 60 ($374,000pic20,000 $266,000pic10,000) 18-37(15(20 min. ) Physical units, inspection at various stages of completion (chapter appendix). Inspection Inspection Inspection at 15% at 40% at 100% Work in process, beginning (20%)* 14,000 14,000 14,000 Started during March 120,000 120,000 120,000 To account for 134,000 134,000 134,000 Good units completed and transferred out 113,000a 113,000a 113,000a Normal spoilage 6,600b 7,440c 6,780d Abnormal spoilage (10,000 normal spoilage) 3,400 2,560 3,220 Work in process, ending (70%)* 11,000 11,000 11,000 Accounted for 134,000 134,000 134,000 *Degree of completion for conversion costs of the forging process at the dates of the work-in-process inventories a14,000 beginning inventory +120,000 10,000 spoiled 11,000 ending inventory = 113,000 b6% ( (113,000 14,000 + 11,000) = 6% ( 110,000 = 6,600 c6% ( (113,000 + 11,000 ) = 6% ( 124,000 = 7,440 d6% ( 113,000 = 6,780 18-38(25(35 min. Weighted-average method, inspection at 80% completion (chapter appendix).The computation and allocation of spoilage is the most difficult part of this problem. The units in the ending inventory have passed inspection. Therefore, of the 80,000 units to account for (10,000 beginning + 70,000 started), 10,000 must have been spoiled in June 80,000 (50,000 completed + 20,000 ending inventory). Normal spoilage is 7,000 0. 10 ( (50,000 + 20,000). The 3,000 remainder is abnormal spoilage (10,000 7,000). Solution Exhibit 18-38, Panel A, calculates the equivalent units of work done for each cost category. We comment on several points in this calculation Ending work in process includes an element of normal spoilage since all the ending WIP have passed the point of inspectioninspection occurs when production is 80% complete, while the units in ending WIP are 95% complete. Spoilage includes no direct materials units because spoiled units are detected and removed from the finishing activity when inspection occurs at the time production is 80% complete. Direct materials are added only later when production is 90% complete. Direct materials units are included for ending work in process, which is 95% complete, but not for beginning work in process, which is 25% complete. The reason is that direct materials are added when production is 90% complete. The ending work in process, therefore, contains direct materials units the beginning work in process does not.

Greek conception of woman, citizen and family Essay

The Grecian tr yearsdy Medea by Euripides examines the Hellenic conception of fair sex, the foreign, family and citizenship. He emphasize on the subjugation and the oppressive condition of wo written report force in familiar in Greece. Thus he damps the existence of ancient cultures (other than Greece) that were more generous in their treat custodyt of women. Medea is to a fault in close to respect, different from general classical women. She is clever and resourceful and also has the courage in her endeavor to meditate revenge on Jason for his wrong deeds.Also, through the denotation of Medea, Euripides exposes the bankruptcy of popular classical ideas of heroism. My granting a woman the qualities that were considered heroic, he questions the sacred ideas of heroism. The element of the foreign in the play comprises of the foreign, the exotic, the unacknowledged and the feared. He also showed that the foreign is not external to Hellenic and thither is much for the Greeks to know intimately themselves. Medea represents the foreign, the attractive and the priceless possession of Jason. The foreign also represented the adventure undertaken by the Greek heroes.The foreign also symbolized danger and which could lead to chaos. Medea, a foreigner and an outsider to the pattern order is free to be drive home without restrain or morality. Thus she manages to commit the dreadful curse of murdering her get children. Through the elements of the foreign, uncivilized and barbaric, Euripides questions the concepts and definitions of civilizations, primitiveness, ethics and morality. Whereas Jason seeks power, Medea, the foreigner longs for bed and caring. Greek valued family and the oust from his was horrible to the ancient Greek.A persons city-state was his crustal plate and protector and to wonder without friend and shelter was thought as a fate as horrible as death. Medea exiles herself because of her love and passion for her husband. Her position in Cor inth is stunt man grave as she is both married to be exiled from family and also as she herself has broke connections with her family to be with Jason. Also, she is a foreigner who ordain remain a barbarian in the eyes of the Greeks. However, Madea forces Jason into exile by wiping off his entire family. Greek law forbade Greek men to marry any other than Greek women.Also the children of Greek man and foreign woman were not considered as official citizens of Greece. Similarly, the children of Jason and Medea were not official citizens of Corinth, but Creusa and Jasons offspring would fully make out the benefits of Corinthian citizenship. So Jason is justified in his assembly line that to gain power and position and to protect and their position, he married into the gallant family. Thus these elements of the foreign, plight of Greek woman, citizenship and family combine to propel the action of the tragic play Medea.In the Greek tragedy Medea, Euripides elaborates on the status o f woman in Greek society. The Greek women in general had few rights. According to the men, the purpose of women in Greek society was to engage themselves in household duties like cooking and cleaning and giving bring forth and winning care of children. They did not have the right to vote or avow property. They could not go outside without an escort. They had to be represented by men in all legal proceedings. Greek women only under exceptional conditions could obtain a divorce, but any Athenian man could get relinquish of his wife by simply publicly renouncing his sexual union.Marriages were arranged by the parents without any participation of the young lady thus Medeas flight with Jason was scandalous. If the family was wealthy, the daughter came with a inviolable dowry. After wedding ceremony, the woman served her husband the entire life by caring for the children and slaves, the legal property of her husband. They were not given any education and lived in bump quarters, away from their husbands. The ideal woman spoken little as possible among men, whether for good or for ill. Greek women never experienced independence during their lives and in some respect they were just like slaves.Medea accurately describes the conditions of married life for women when she says how a woman has to adjust to the impertinent rules and customs of the new home and work hard to understand her husband and consequently live in peace. However if the marriage does not work, then death is the only solution for the woman. When Jason decides to terminate his marriage with Medea and marry the princess of Corinth, Jason cast aside Medea as if they were never married. This type of action was accepted by Greek standards, which reveals the subordinate status of woman who did not have any say in these matters. yet though some actions of Medea are not similar to that of average Greek women, she posses certain attitudes and emotions which are common among women. Medea in her first s peech to the Chorus (when she comes out of her house) expresses the plight of women in society For a divorce loses women all respect, yet we cant refuse to take a husband, (Euripides, lines 271-272). She further adds that when a man gets tired of the company at home, he can seek relief outside the home, but a woman have to always look at one man.It is likely that this attitude was shared by most Greek women as evident from the reply of the Chorus Leader who sympathize with her Im not surprised you grieve at these events, (Euripides, Line 310). The nurse reveals the fact that Medea out of her love and ample passion for Jason has retrieved the Golden Fleece for him and defied her household. In return, she is deserted by Jason who betrayed her by breaking the vows of marriage and now She calls out to the gods to witness/ how Jason is repaying her favours, (Euripides, lines 30-31).However, her situation worsens further when Creon informs her that he is forcing her into exile. The Cho rus identifies with the pitiable condition of Medea. It recognizes the heroic traits of Medea and admires her as an avenger for all women. Chorus soothes Medea sorrow by saying that God will be with her in her endeavor. Thus the chorus believes her cause is good and worthy of Gods keep going. Medea as a victim of ill fate is supported by the Chorus. Even though the Chorus makes this statement before finding out Medea brutal scheme, it should be noted that the Chorus reaffirms its support for Medea after she reveals her plan.After the monologue of Medea, where she reveal her plan and think of ways to implement it, the chorus delivers an ode on the oppression of women The waters in the sacred rivers/are flowing in reverse. /And all regular things/are once more turning on themselves. / Mens plans are now deceitful,/their firm trust in the gods is gone. /Honours coming to the female sex. /slander will no longer injure women, (Euripides, Lines 487-496). Through this ode, the chorus con demns the oppression of women and encourages Medea to carry out her plan.It views her plan as a rare opportunity for women to avenge all the wrongs done by men on them and to turn the hierarchy around, putting the men at the mercy of women. In the play it is evident that the Chorus support Medea in her endeavor to avength the betrayal of Jason till the section where she thinks of ways and machinery to make her plot successful. But the Chorus withdraws their support the point where Medea reveals her plan to murder her own sons. After the verbal fight between Jason and Medea, the Chorus asks for moderation I pray that moderation,/the gods most beautiful gift,/will always guide me, (Euripides, Lines 756-758).After they come to know Medeas plan to kill her children, they try their best make her understand her folly in her taking such an action and they urge her not to commit such a crime I want to help you,/holding to the standards of human law, (Euripides, Lines 963-964). Euripides by examining the treatment of women in the play Medea, points at the injustices of his society. He recognized the fact that the subordinate position of women to their male counterpart is impossible to extricate from the core of companionable order in Greece.The typical explanation offered by the admirers of Greece is that all ancient societies were sexist and dependent on slave labor. This generality is untrue as there were many societies who were more generous in their treatment of women than the Greeks and many societies functioned in the ancient times, without slave labor. Euripides who was aware of these hypocrisies, often pointed out how Greek society try on to excuse the injustices perpetrated by them. Jason tells Medea that no Greek women would have done as she has done. In this respect, the Chorus should be considered who stood by mutely and allowed the slaughter to take place.However, Medea shows some heroic qualities that were not common among Greek women. Medea is clever, resourceful and has the courage to stand against Jason and take revenge for his betrayal. She does not stay long inside her home as a subjugating housewife lamenting and shedding tears for wrongs incurred on her. She comes out her hearth and faces the Chorus and Creon. She acts like a man and plots and execute her plan. Euripides goes farther, through the character of Medea, he exposes the bankruptcy of popular Greek ideas of heroism. Medea has many traits that would be admirable, if only she were a man.She is ruthless, brilliant, cunning, and powerful. But she is in a weak position she is not a ruler or a warrior of any battlefield. Euripides gives the qualities that are considered heroic, in a woman and thus reduces the scale. He makes the playing field one of marriage and freeze off love. The fine Homeric speeches of warriors on the verge of combat are reduced to the bickering of an enraged wife and a petty husband. Euripides in this play, questions our sacred ideas about heroi sm. Consider, for example, the character of Agamemnon as portrayed by Aeschylus in the Oresteia.Agamemnon also kills his own child and although he is not admired for this act, after his death Aeschylus grants him his due of a great man and hero. The reaction of the auditory sense to Medeas infanticide is that of horror. Euripides gives unlimited self-absorption and ruthlessness to a woman and thus exposes the true worth of these traits. The audience becomes aware of the double standards that we use for heroes and heroines. In Greek mythology Medea was princess of colchis and the granddaughter of Helios the sun God. She had affinities with magic and was the priestess of Hecate.Medea helped Jason to steal the Golden Fleece from her stimulate and even dismember her brother to delay the pursuers of her lover. Also, she turned the daughter of Pelias into murderers to win back his rightful place in Iolcus, In return, Jason betrayed her trust and re-married into the royal family. The fac t that Medea is a foreigner is emphasized from the beginning. The Nurse, in the opening lines, tells the audience that Medea hails from a distant and exotic land. Certain points should be remembered while reflecting on this aspect of the play.The foreigner or the Others is a complex and multifaceted concept it comprises of the foreign, the exotic, the unknown and the feared. The foreign is also essential for self-definition of the Greeks. The Greeks ascribe certain traits to barbarians in opposition to certain traits about themselves. Barbarians are savage but Greeks are not. Barbarians are superstitious while Greeks are rational. But Euripides through the play undermines these easy binaries. He shows that (the foreigner) is not something external to Greek. Also, there is much for the Greeks to understand about themselvesMoreover, the (the foreign, the exotic, the terrifying) is an essential for adventure. Jasons quest, and also the quests of other Greek heroes, would not be possibl e without their visit to strange and fearsome lands. Medeas foreignness may be the reason after part Jasons attraction for her. Although we cannot be sure if Jason was really attracted to her or used her for his own ends or both. May be Jason was drawn to her by her uniqueness. The play stresses on the fact that Medea is different from Greek women. Jasons marriage to Medea can be seen as an attempt on his part to bring the adventure home.Medea describes herself as something he won in a foreign land. The marriage can also be seen as Jasons attempt to subordinate the foreign to the Greek, woman to man. In Medea, the foreign lead to chaos. Medea as a foreigner is also terribly free. As she is an outsider to normal order, she behaves without restraint or morality. Her genius is thus used for personal revenge. She sends gifts of a finely woven robe and a tiara of twisted gold smeared with deadly poison and succeeds in killing both Creon and his daughter. abutting she murders her two so ns to teach Jason a lesson that the oppressed can also take actions against the oppressors.Medea as a foreigner comes from a tribal nativity, where sophistication is not the normal thing. She does not know how to well behave and speak with a soft tongue. Her culture and race is primitive and for this she is often blames by Jason. However, while Jason seeks power, Medea longs for love and caring. She leaves behind her culture, native land, parent, and the family as a sacrifice to marry Jason. So the uncivilized Medea cannot accept nor understand Jasons argument in favor of his flake marriage and Jason posses all the skills required to argue in his favor.This raises several questions regarding the concepts and definitions of civilizations, primitiveness, ethics and morality Another factor is the Greek conception of family and the legal separation or exile from them. Modern audiences can find it difficult to understand how important family and how horrible exile was for the ancient G reek. A persons native land was his home and protector and to wander without friends or shelter, was thought of as a fate horrible as death. The chorus chants theres no affliction worse/ than losing ones own country, (Euripides, Lines 774-775). Medea made herself as exile for the sake of her husband.Medea tells about her plight to the Chorus you have a city, /you have your fathers house, enjoy your life/with friends for company. But Im alone. /I have no city, and Im being abused/by my own husband. I have no mother, brother, or relation,/to shelter with in this extremity, (Euripides, Lines 291-299). Additionally by her overzealous advocacy of her husbands interest, she made their family exiles in Corinth. Due to her actions in Iolcus, Jason is unable to return home and so their position is vulnerable. Jason who is the hero of the Golden Fleece (of course with the help of Medea) became a wanderer.He is rattling shrewd and calculative in his decision to marry into the royal family. T he Tutor points out in the beginning of the play that men always act for their own interest What mortal man is not? Dont you know yet/all men love themselves more than their neighbours, (Euripides, Lines 107-108). Thus the character of Jason is revealed as an opportunist, a selfish man and the anti-hero who manipulates others for his own ends. Euripides in his play Medea, links the elements of exile and the lower position of women by emphasizing on the circumstances that women face after marriage.She has to leave her home and family and live among strangers. In this respect, Medea reminds us of the conditions of exile. However, her position is doubly grave, as she is an exile in this sense as well as in the sense that she herself has broke all connections with her family. Also, she is a foreigner and will remain a barbarian in the eyes of the Greeks. Greeks valued their family and the close melody relationship they share with the family members. Also they had certain expectation f rom their family.Similarly I the play, Jason want his sons to grow up and become leaders in Corinth along their new brother, the sons he wishes to beget from his new bride. He also wants his sons to mature into young men and win victory over his enemies. On the other hand, Medea has few expectations as well. In return for her pains of child birth and the hardship she faced in raising them, she hoped that they will look after her in old age and prepare the corpse with their own hands as all parents wishes. However, she sacrifices her expectations and also separates Jason from his family by killing her two sons and Jason new bride.She takes her revenge on Jason by intoxication the royal bride and thus depriving Jason of his wife and the children he wished to beget from her, his family. Also she kills her sons and prevents the fulfilling last hope of Jason, his wish to unite with his family, his sons. She also deprives him of the burial rights of his sons. Instead she performs the rig hts. In this way, Jason is exiles from his family as Medea was exile from her native land and family. Medea lost her family after she married Jason, in similar way, Jason losses his family at the end of the play.Another element emphasized in the play is the Greek conception of citizenship. Greek law forbade Greek men to marry no other than Greek women. However, it was common practice among Greek men to keep foreign concubines who were often more educated than the Greek women in general. But the children born from these unions were not considered as official citizens of Greece. Similarly, the children of Jason and Medea were not official citizens of Corinth, whereas Creusa and Jasons offspring would fully enjoy the benefits of Corinthian citizenship.Jason may be a shrewd and manipulative man and it is also true that he betrays Medea by breakings the vows of marriage and re-marrying into the royal family. However, the fact remains that Jason was a wonderer and he wanted to gain power and position by creating a relationship with the royal family. Moreover, he was aware of the fact that his children were deprived of the benefits of Corinthian citizenship. As he mentions to Medea, it may be true that he married Creons daughter not because he felt attracted towards her as a woman but rather to protect Medea and their children.Also that he wanted to serve their own interest by having children (royal princes) from his royal bride and thus securing their position in Corinth and giving their children similar power. The Greek conception of woman, the foreign, citizenship and family as examined in the play help in the progress of the tragic action. Medea represents the hold and oppressive condition of Greek woman who is cheated by her husband. The foreign element in her character, the exotic, the dangerous and the barbarian instigate her take revenge against Jason.Jasons argument in favor of his action is the power and position he wants to achieve for himself and for Med ea and their children. He is aware that his and Medeas children will be deprived of the benefits of Corinthian citizenship. Her separation or exile from family because of Jason infuriates her further and she in turn separates Jason from his family.Work CitationAnalysis of Medea as a Tragic Character. 8 December 2002. Michael Kliegl. 9 July 2008 The Concept of Citizenship. 9 July 2008 Euripides by Medea. 9 July 2008 Medea (Criticism). Carole L. Hamilton. 9 July 2008 Major Themes. 9 July 2008 Medea (Indian adaptation of the greek classic. 9 July 2008 Summary and Analysis of Lines 1- 356. 9 July 2008