Gender Roles An Individual s Appearance - 915 Words

In order for us to describe an individual’s appearance, there is usually a symbolic framework that defines each one of us, whether a certain individual is a male or female. Biology plays a huge part that also helps us distinguished our sex from the moment we are born due to our primary sex characteristics. However, we learned our genders and the roles that come with it through out our life. From the moment we learn to speak and walk and developed our learning skills, we acquire learning behaviors where our genders are expected to behaviors, traits and characteristics. Gender roles are learned and influenced from our family, friends, society and even the media. However, our gender plays a huge role in our everyday life. There are rules and standards that we learn through out our life. There are gender differences that our society expects from each one of our gender’s behaviors. For example, our society expects men be masculine. Having a masculine gender also means having a masculine behavior or physical character. Having a masculine behavior means, men are not expected to cry or show a weak emotions and men are expected to have a larger muscles, short hair, blue clothing are examples of physical outlook that easily defines a men’s gender. However, our society expects women to behave with a more feminine character. From childhood, girls are encouraged to play with dolls, dress up and play with kitchen toys. Additionally, girls are also expected to have a feminine physicalShow MoreRelatedGender Roles And Gender Norms Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagescertain roles that are linked to their biological sex, teaching how a child how a man and woman should behave. When a child is born, parents would typically dress their child according to their sex. If it is a boy, he is dressed in blue, and if it is a girl, she is dressed in pink. In our society, these roles given to us are mainly based on gender norms and standards. It is known that masculine role s have traditionally been associated with physical strength and dominance, while feminine roles have beenRead MoreAnalysis Of Being A Man By Paul Theroux953 Words   |  4 PagesDo men and women have the same role in the society? From the past to the present, women and men seem never to be equal. We are hearing a lot about the differences of gender and it is often identified by the stereotypes. The stereotypes mostly show men are strong, brave, and skilled; yet women are delicate, sensitive, and talkative. As a result, the society gives some standards and limitations on what men can do or women can do. In the texts â€Å"Being a man† by Paul Theroux, the author uses his experiencesRead MoreGender Is Defined As A System Of Social, Symbolic, And Psychic Relations Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesHaraway, the concept of gender is defined as â€Å"a system of social, symbolic, and psychic relations, in which men and women are differentially positioned.† Based on this de finition, it can be understood that gender is a category that can be used to dictate an individual’s status and role in a given community. When European explorers, missionaries, and settlers arrived in North America between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, their preconceived notions about the roles of men and women influencedRead MoreDifferences Between Sex And Gender871 Words   |  4 PagesWith sex and gender being such a predominate factor in determining our position in society, it is difficult to hinder ourselves from distinguishing certain characteristics and attributes to be masculine (male) or feminine(female). Is is paramount to distinguish the differences between sex and gender. Sex is determined by our hormones and anatomy while gender is the social meanings, behaviors, and expectations attached to a given sex by society (Logg, Lecture Notes, Fall 2015). Generally speakingRead MoreThe Study Of Body Image1572 Words   |  7 PagesThe study of body image i s a broad topic that touches many subjects including gender. However, the study of body image has been focused mainly on females. This is because the physical shape and image of male bodies have not changed over the history. From the ancient Greek until the modern era, the masculinity is the predominant stereotype for men. Masculine traits include courage, independence and assertiveness (Judith, 2001; Murray, 2000). In contrast to the male body, the female figures have beenRead MoreFilm, Paris, Burning, And The Subculture Of Black And Latina / Os1387 Words   |  6 Pagesphenomenon incorporated dissing or â€Å"throwing shade,† referred to as voguing, in New York City during the 1980s, and mainly consisted of poor, people of color. These performative shows attempted to challenge and imitate dominant, white heteronormativity by role playing socially powerful categories like business executives and students, that poor, gay people of color are often denied opportunistic access to. Intersections of class highlight the devastating and somber effects of the consumeristic and capitalRead MoreThe Ideas Of Sexuality And Gender1676 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will discuss the ideas of sexuality and gender in Bram Stokers Dracula with comparative analysis of Robert Louis-Stevenson s Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and it s ideas of doubling. While drawing from questions raised in Christopher Crafts essay Kiss me with those red lips on the dual inverted nature of vampirism. It will answer these questions of do we have penetrators or orfices? What are the relations between blood and semen, blood and milk? While ultimately coming to a conclusion of whatRead MorePositive Body Image Group Essay1234 Words   |  5 Pages Body image disturbance, or BID, can have negative effects on individuals and can be found among many different ages of women. In fact, BID can even be found in girls as young as age seven. Many negative effects have been attributed to BID, such as increased anxiety, stress, and depression, which can cause issues both psychologically and physically (Devaraj Lewis, 2010). Therefore, there is a need to help women combat these negative effects of body image disturbance and help maintain a more positiveRead MoreGender Differences Are The Dominant Sex1304 Words   |  6 Pageshistory gender differences are have thought to start evolving early on in a child’s life. Through the process of socialization not only underneath the parent’s care, but through experiences with other children and adults children start to develop a sense of gender identity and how they should behave based on their scientifically determined sex. Gender is defined by how one performs a given role and the characteristics they display that determines whether they fulfill a male or female role in societyRead MoreGender Is An Act Of Social Deviance1187 Words   |  5 Pagesor not, doing gender is occurring everyday within our society. Every interaction we have with another individual is doing gender. Doing gender has become a part of our every day lives the same way without realizing it the same way we breathe air without really paying attention that we are breathing. The meaning behind this is that it is occurring unconsciously. Candace West and Don Zimmerman coined the term doing gender in an article they composed. West and Zimmerman argued that gender is something

Technology And Its Effect On Our Lives - 1199 Words

Technology is helping us to advance in the world. When we talk about technology, most people’s first thoughts would be about phones, laptops, the internet etc. This is because every single argument I found against technology is talking about how we waste so much time on devices and how it is ruining human interactions and real life communication. What they don’t know is that while it does do all of these things, there are some good things that technology has brought upon us. Some examples are that technology assists in transferring water to our houses and it is used in the refrigeration of food. These are things that people may take for granted. Our earthquake resistant and fireproof structures we see today are also a gift of developments in technology. If we were to compare how humans live now to decades ago, the main difference would be how technology is commercially used now. Cell phones have a huge part in this. A study conducted by the United Nations’ telecommunications agency discovered that more people have cell phones than people have ever had landlines. There are almost as many cell-phone subscriptions (6.8 billion) as there are people on this earth. This shows how technology is a major part of today’s society. Our lives are much easier now, and this leads people to misjudge us and to believe that we are a lazy generation. Technology has changed our lives for the better. If it wasn’t for the technology we wouldn’t have cars, planes, microwaves, phones, laptops,Show MoreRelatedEffects Of Technology On Our Lives1065 Words   |  5 PagesWe live in an age where technology is practically unavoidable if you live in a developed area. We don’t realize how much we really rely on technology in almost every facet of our lives. It’s a known fact that it is almost inevitable it will keep advancing, which is imperative to our development; but what about its social effects? There is no doubt in anybody’s mind that technology has definitely helped keep people in better contact than ever before, but the in-person interaction has actually hadRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Our Lives864 Words   |  4 Pages Technology We live in a society that is completely obsessed with the invention of technology, which has both a negative or positive effect on our lives. Technology has taken over the twenty first century, showing us how powerful it actually can be. Coming in contact with the invention of technology every day, it is hard not to excel in how to operate it. Once we have accomplished how to properly perform the duties on certain technology, we may become more addicted to it although most of usRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Our Lives1402 Words   |  6 PagesEveryday technology is manipulated and used by many people around the world. Technology describes the usage of technical means to interact with life, society, and environment, through an electronical device that is applied by science. Many people are slowly becoming attached to technology and relying on more of these resources because it makes their life easier. However, technology is slowly hurting a ton of people by being smartphone dependent, reducing our communication skills and disabling peopleRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Our Lives Essay1792 Words   |  8 PagesEveryday technology is manipulated and used by many people around the world. Technology describes the usage of technical means to interact with life, society, and environment, through an electronic device that is applied by science. Many people are slowly becoming attached to technology and relying on more of these resources because it makes their life easier. However, technology is slowly hurting a ton of people by being smartphone dependent, reducing our communication skills and disabling peopleRead MoreTechnology And Its Effects On Our Lives1499 Words   |  6 PagesNeuroimaging technology Madeline Johnson 242015 ECH 2025 001 As time has advanced so has technology; the world has watches that along with telling what time it is the watch also tells us who is calling us and how we slept at night. Along with so many other amazing inventions for our daily life there have been miraculous milestones with our neuroimaging inventions; scans range from being able to tell us where our brain is functioning during a task to allowing us to catch diseases such as cancerRead MoreEffects Of Technology On Our Lives1679 Words   |  7 Pagespeople use technology eleven hours of the average waking hours of sixteen to eighteen. That is sixty one to sixty eight percent of waking time on technology. Overuse of any thing is unhealthy, especially overuse with so many adverse effects. Technology has three main categories of unhealthy effects. Physical, Mental/Emotional, and Social/Environmental. Because of its wide range of unhealthy effects on several aspects of life its use should be limited. Technology has unhealthy effects on many aspectsRead MoreTechnology And Its Effect On Our Lives1756 Words   |  8 PagesI. INTRODUCTION In this day and age, advanced innovation changes so quickly and incorporates into our general public at such a quickened rate, it is difficult to stay aware of it, not to mention consider the impacts it has on our lives. In spite of the fact that Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter did not exist a simple decade prior, they are presently pervasive types of media and correspondence in our way of life. Today s era of young people, conceived in the 1990s, apropos named the iGenerationRead MoreThe Effects Of Technology On Our Social Lives1166 Words   |  5 PagesOur generation is one defined by technology. Every day advances in cellphones, computers, cameras, medical technology, and much more are being made. Because of technology, the way we live our lives, and the way the world functions is vastly different than it used to be. One might argue that all of this technology is making our lives easier, and therefore, better. However, people do not realize all that we are losing, as we gain techn ological knowledge. In the eighties having a cellphone was a luxuryRead MoreEffects Of Technology And Media On Our Lives958 Words   |  4 PagesEffects of Technology and Media in our lives With the advancement in media and technology, almost anything is possible nowadays. Looking back a couple years ago, people did no have cellphones, computers or televisions to occupy and make their lives easier. With the development of these products and more, people are able to communicate and do work much faster and more efficiently. Society has come a long way with technology and media and to say that there are no negatives to them would be falseRead MoreThe Effects Of Media And Technology On Our Lives1828 Words   |  8 Pagesyou can to survive. Notice, I stressed the word â€Å"seem†, because I want us to explore the current generation of growing African American males and the effect of media and technology in their lives. Studies show that media images have a large impact on perceptions when the viewers have less real world experience with the topic. In an age where technology brings together different ideals, cultures and belief systems through the Internet and soc ial media, one can assume that accurate stories are being

Business and Corporations Law Forrest v ASIC

Question: Discuss about the Business and Corporations Law Forrest v ASIC. Answer: Introduction The directors of any corporation are bestowed with the responsibility of governing the company, on behalf of its shareholders. This responsibility or duty is imposed upon the directors in Australia through Corporation Act 2001(Cth). Section 198A (1) of this act puts forward that requirement of the business to be managed as per the directions provided by the directors of such company. This gives rise to the obligations on all the directors, in both general, as well as, lawful manner. This act provides a range of duties for all the directors of the company (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2017). For instance, the directors have the duty of protecting the company from any such dealings or transactions, which can lead to insolvency. The case of Forrest v ASIC (Australian Securities and Investment Commission) [2012] HCA 39 is amongst the leading cases, regarding the breach of directors duties which have been covered through the governing legislation, and the judgment of which was given by the High Court of Australia. In this case, the director of the company was alleged to have breached the various section of Corporations Act, which included the duty of care and diligence (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017a). This report covers the details of this case. Forrest v ASIC (2012) In this case, Fortescue Metals Group Ltd, Fortescue in short, wanted to develop a port, a railways and a mine, so as to enable the exportation of the output of the mine, which would be obtained in the future (Latimer, 2012). For this, the company entered into three different Framework Agreements, and each of these three agreements was with some Chinese entity. For these purposes announcements were made at different times, to the ASX, i.e., the Australian Stock Exchange, which were coupled by media releases issuing. These announcements claimed that binding contracts were drawn with all three Chinese entities (Levin, 2012). The ASIC, in March 2006, initiated proceedings against Fortescue, along with Andrew Forrest, Forrest in short, who was a substantial shareholder of the company Fortescue, its chairman and CEO, in the Federal Court of Australia. The ASIC contested the legitimacy of truth behind the announcement of the company, made to the media, in addition to the broader market pertaining to a chain of Framework Agreements, among three of the state-owned Chinese corporations and the company (High Court of Australia, 2012). This Framework Agreement was related to the financing and building services which had to be provided regarding the Pilbara Iron Ore and Infrastructure Project of the company (Hill Thomas, 2015). The Framework Agreements were described in the announcements as amounting to a binding contract. Though, the agreements terms did not have the wholesome certainty and hence, it was doubtful to be enforceable in a lawful manner. The claims of the ASIC were dismissed by Justice Gilmour at the trial (High Court of Australia, 2011). But when an appeal was made to the Federal Courts Full Court, the claims of ASIC were held to be successful for obtaining the order relating to the: Misleading or deceptive conduct of Fortescue, which contravened Corporation Acts section 1041H; The breach of continuous disclosure requirements by Fortescue which were as per section 674 of the Corporations Act; and The failure on part of Forrest for exercising his powers, along with the discharge of his obligations contained in section 180(1) of the act, regarding reasonable care, and diligence, resulting in the breach of this section (Naik, 2015). Both Forrest and Fortescue made an appeal against this decision given by the Full Court of Federal Court. They also sought out for the reinstatement of the order which were made at the first instance by Justice Gilmour. The four members of the High Court, on October 2nd 2012, dismissed the case made by ASIC and stated that the statements made in this case, were neither misleading nor deceptive (Briffa Jaque, 2012). Duties Breached Section 180 of the Corporations Act, 2001, enforces a civil obligation on the directors, along with the other officers of any company, pertaining to acting with care and diligence. Section 180(1) provides that the quoted individuals have to use their authority, and also have to fulfill their obligations with a level of diligence and care, which a prudent individual would exercise if he/she was in the position of the quoted individuals under similar circumstances and was occupant of the office of the quoted individuals in the company. A civil penalty for the breach of this section is provided in section 1317E (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017b). However, section 180(2) provides the defense to the directors, which is also known as the business judgment rule. The requirements contained in subsection (1) are deemed as having been met, along with the equivalent duties contained in the common law and in equity, when the quoted individuals make a business judgment. This business judgment is based on the judgment made for proper purpose, and with good faith; and the quoted individuals do not have any kind of significant personal interest in the issue revolving round the undertaken judgment; has informed themselves regarding the issue of judgment, to such extent which is considered as appropriate one; and has an unhindered conviction that the undertaken decision is in the paramount interest of the company. For the rationality of this belief, the position of a reasonable individual in similar circumstances is taken as the benchmark (Swaab, 2017). The allegation of the ASIC was that Forrest had contravened the subsection (1) of this act, on the basis of the contravention of section 1041H or section 674 of this act (Humphrey Corones, 2014). Decision Holding the announcements as based on the opinions, which was held in a reasonable manner, the case of ASIC was dismissed by the trial judge. When an appeal was made by the ASIC to the Full Federal Court, the same was upheld. It was held by the full bench of Federal Court that the announcements made by Fortescue did indeed amount to deceptive and misleading conduct and that the company had failing in fulfilling the continuous disclosure requirements, as they did correct the deceptive and misleading conduct, upon the release of the announcements (Lo, 2016). It was also established by the full bench that Forrest had contravened the duties imposed on him as a director and also breached the act, through the involvement in both the drafting, and the release of the announcements (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2012). When this decision was made, Fortescue and Forrest jointly applied to the High Court of Australia, an appeal, which asked for reinstating the decision taken by the trial judge. It was held by the High Court of Australia that the announcements were the representation of the Chinese companies and Fortescue and that these had entered into the agreement, with the intention of each of the parties, to make the same as binding. This representation was held by the High Court as being none of the following, i.e., fraud, deceptive or misleading (Yip, Tan Lim, 2013). The issues which were present in the appeal were narrowed by the summary dismissal of the contentions of ASIC by the High Court of Australia, as per which the Board of Fortescue and Forrest had acted in a manner which can be deemed as dishonest, regarding the making of the above stated announcements. The inquiry of the High Court was focused upon whether or not, the use of term binding agreement by Fortescue in the announcements was actually deceptive or misleading, or whether or not, the same was likely to deceive or mislead. With reference to the intended audience, a close scrutiny of the implication of this expression was conducted by the High Court of Australia. Wide sections of the business or commercial community, along with the investors, were defined as the intended audience by the High Court (Jade, 2012). In spite of the literal meaning of the term binding agreement, it was held by the High Court that the expression did not essentially convey the notion that the agreement would be enforceable in a legal manner. It was stated by the judges that an individual in specific situation, should not be required to evaluate the legitimacy of a contract, in short its valid formation. Along with this, it was also not necessary to assess the practicability of the contract to compel performance as per the enforcement measures applicable on the main jurisdiction, before a statement is made to the community regarding a contract being as a binding one (Naik, 2015). The High Court also held that there was an absence of the evidential base for making the assumption that an individual who read these announcements would form an opinion or understanding regarding the parties entering into agreements, which would be enforceable by the courts of Australia as per the law of the nation, in case of a dispute arising in the future, amongst them. The court also held that Fortescue was not required to release the entire text of the Framework Agreements, so as to be in conformity with the obligations relating to continuous disclosure (Briffa Jaque, 2012). The approach of the High Court in this case was consistent with the claims being dependent on the facts, relating to the deceptive or misleading conduct. The court analyzed the accurate summarization of the Framework Agreements content and the announcements brought forward the point as being constituted as a binding contract. Reliance was also made on the preliminary issue regarding the reasonable belief, as stated earlier. Rejecting the submission of ASIC, the High Court held that the agreements were governed by the Australian laws and the contract included the foreign state owned entities, which were executed in China, and they did not have a clause of choice of forum (Naik, 2015). A contention was also made by the ASIC regarding the attempt of the director, i.e., Forrest to modify the conditions stated in the Framework Agreements, pointing in the direction that the drawn agreements did not have the intention of being binding. This argument was rejected by the judges and they stated that the contractual negotiations taking place after the same has been drawn could not be amounted as repudiation of the previous agreements. Further, the same was deemed as legitimate commercial conduct for continuation of making an attempt for striking a better bargain (Briffa Jaque, 2012). As the statements were held to be neither of the three, i.e., fraud, deceptive or misleading, the court held that there was no failure on part of Fortescue and Forrest regarding the compliance of obligations covered under this act. As a result of this, the declarations and the decision of the Federal Court were set aside by the High Court. Further, the High Court reinstated the decision of the trial judge declaring that there was no contravention of the Corporations Act 2001, on part of Fortescue and Forrest (Plessis, Hargovan Bagaric, 2010). In short, the appeal of Fortescue and Forrest was upheld that their conduct was not held as deceptive or misleading, which could contravene section 1041 of this act. And the claims made regarding the breach of section 674, pertaining to continuous disclosure, along with section 180 (1) of this act pertaining to duties of directors, were contingent upon the breach of section 1041 of this act. And so, the claims for both these sections were dismissed, due to the dismissal of claims relating to the deceptive or misleading conduct (Naik, 2015). Conclusion The study of the case of Forrest v ASIC presents an important lesson, which is in conformity to the established principles under the corporate law, specifically relating to the statements which are made in the ASX announcements, and these have to be both correct, as well as, verifiable. In the given case, the ASIC made claims against the company and its director, for undertaking misleading or deceptive conduct, which resulted in the failure of compliance with the continuous disclosure requirements and contravened the duty of care, as well as, diligence on part of the director. The trial judge discarded these claims, upon which an application was made by the ASIC to the Federal Court, which overturned the decision of the trial judge. As a result of this, both the company and its director, made an appeal to the High Court of Australia, which reinstated the decision of the trial judge after rejecting the decision of the Federal Court. References Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2012). Forrest v Australian Securities and Investments Commission Anor; Fortescue Metals Group Ltd v Australian Securities and Investment Commission Anor ([2012] HCA 39) Case Summary [2012] HCASum 39 (2 October 2012). Retrieved from: https://www3.austlii.edu.au/au/other/HCASum/2012/39.html Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017a). Forrest v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2012] HCA 39 (2 October 2012). Retrieved from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/2012/39.html Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017b). Corporations Act 2001 - Sect 180. Retrieved from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s180.html Australian Institute of Company Directors. (2017). What are the duties of directors?. Retrieved from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/membership/the-informed-director/what-are-the-general-duties-of-directors Briffa, P., Jaque, A. (2012). Twiggy Off the Hook- Forrest v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2012] HCA 39. Retrieved from: https://www.swaab.com.au/Publications/Publications/Twiggy-off-the-hook-Forrest-v-ASIC High Court of Australia. (2011). Forrest V. Australian Securities And Investments Commission And Anor (P44/2011) Fortescue Metals Group Ltd V. Australian Securities And Investments Commission And Anor (P45/2011). Retrieved from: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/cases/p44-2011/P44-2011.pdf High Court of Australia. (2012). John Andrew Henry Forrest V Australian Securities And Investments Commission Anor Fortescue Metals Group Ltd V Australian Securities And Investments Commission Anor [2012] HCA 39. Retrieved from: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/judgment-summaries/2012/hca39-2012-10-02.pdf Hill, J.G., Thomas, R.S. (2015). Research Handbook on Shareholder Power. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Humphrey, J., Corones, S., (2014). Forrest v ASIC : a perfect storm. Australian Law Journal, 88(1), pp. 26-37. Jade. (2012). Forrest v Australian Securities and Investments Commission; Fortescue Metals Group Ltd v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2012] HCA 39; 247 CLR 486; 86 ALJR 1183; 291 ALR 399; 91 ACSR 128. Retrieved from: https://jade.io/article/281587 Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012 (31st ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. Levin, D. (2012). Forrest v ASIC; Fortescue Group Metals Ltd v ASIC [2012] HCA 39. Retrieved from: https://mtecc.com.au/forrest-v-asic-fortescue-group-metals-ltd-v-asic-2012-hca-39/ Lo, S.H.C. (2016). In Search of Corporate Accountability: Liabilities of Corporate Participants. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. Naik, L. (2015). A case note on the Forrest v ASIC decision and the High Court's view on when the term 'binding contract' may be misleading or deceptive. Retrieved from: https://cornwalls.com.au/sharing-knowledge/legal-updates/high-court-rules-in-favour-of-fortescue-metals-group-ltd-and-andrew-forrest.aspx Plessis, J.J.D., Hargovan, A., Bagaric, M. (2010). Principles of Contemporary Corporate Governance (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Swaab. (2017). A Practical Guide To Directors Duties. Retrieved from: https://www.swaab.com.au/expertise/corporate/directors-duties/ Yip, A., Tan, J., Lim, H.Y. (2013). Forrest v Australian Securities and Investments Commission [2012] HCA 39 (Australia, High Court, 2 October 2012). Retrieved from: https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=34dadd8a-2201-4331-80a8-513a56c2df9c

The Culture Code free essay sample

Globalization has changed the rules of marketing strategies and effectiveness of a marketing campaign based on the culture of the region. Exploration of rapidly evolving world of modern technology and realization of its best use for todays society depends on large extent on organizations technical specialty, knowledge, core competencies and strategic marketing and planning. While going through The Culture Code, I realized that Rapaille has an interesting view point on the way different cultures view themselves and others. He believes that there are strong odes that are imprinted early in life, and these cultural codes impact on the way we respond to events, what we buy and what we do. Some of his conclusions are amusing and thought-provoking for example he describes how French love their cheese and how Americans kill their cheese. The culture code for cheese in America is Dead. The cheese is pasteurized, it is stored in a refrigerator, it is wrapped up in plastic and it tastes bland. We will write a custom essay sample on The Culture Code or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the other hand, the code for cheese in France is Alive. Cheese there is kept at room temperature, has a strong aroma and a strong taste. French people buy cheese based on their smell and age. Such observations have implications for marketing, presentation and predictability of success and the sale of ideas in different cultures. Rapaille shows the techniques he has used to improve profitability and practices for Jeep, Nestle and other fortune 100 companies. His book put light on the way every human being acts and lives around the world. He has well supported his arguments about culture with his keen observation and experience by telling all these stories about French, Germans and Japanese people. Understanding American culture to plan your marketing strategy will really help any organization in long run with better results. Method for Determining the Codes His approach to obtaining cultural data: Principle 1: You cant believe what people say. Principle 2: Emotion is the energy required to learn something. Principle 3: The structure, not the content, is the message. Principle 4: There is a window in time for imprinting, and the meaning of the imprint varies from one culture to another. Principle 5: To access the meaning of an imprint within a particular culture, you must earn the code for that imprint. He describes the sessions that he uses to get his authentic data, culminating in a session where subjects lie on the floor, surrounded by pillows, talking about first memories of an event, an emotion or a concept The US as Adolescent I became more involved in this book when he started to talk about Europe being a mature culture (slow to react, considered, wise, experienced), while the US is adolescent (is volatile, acts without thinking, does not take advice from elders). A theme that pervades the book is the confusion that people from other countries feel bout the US. If they are so stupid, why are they so successful? A hint for an answer comes in the following conclusion: The American Culture Code for America is DREAM. The US code for love is False expectation, for seduction it is Manipulation, for sex it is Violence, for beauty we have Mans salvation and for fat it is Checking out. His reasoning for these conclusions (including quotes from his pillow sessions) is actually quite sound.. The Authors Confused Cultural Identity The author is French, and it was unsettling in the early parts of the book when he ept referring to we when talking about Americans. What seemed to be going on was a repudiation of his roots. It was probably unsettling because I have been living out of my own country for 14 years, and we as a term of cultural affinity becomes more nebulous as the years go on. Once he explains why he went to America to live, and what it has meant since, all became clear. Conclusion This book is well worth a read. You get an interesting take on all sorts of projects that the author has worked on, including views on alcohol, the popularity of the PT Cruiser, Japanese whaling, the Bush campaign, money and the worlds current disdain for the war in Iraq. Cultural understanding is in short supply right now. This book goes some way in helping to bridge the gap. This book is bold and will probably have you shaking your head both in agreement and in opposition. Of course Rapaille is speaking in generalizations of a large population, and individual mileage may vary, so please keep that in mind. In any case, it is a new lens to view the world. The book should be dedicated to the reptile in all of us.

Comparative Essays

Comparative Essays Comparative Essay Comparative Essay Comparative Essay BY alexa1724 What is a comparative essay? A comparative essay asks that you compare at least two (possibly more) items. These items will differ depending on the assignment. You might be asked to compare positions on an issue (e. g. , responses to midwifery in Canada and the United States) theories (e. g. , capitalism and communism) figures (e. g. , GDP in the United States and Britain) texts (e. g. , Shakespeares Hamletand Macbeth) events (e. g. the Great Depression and the global financial crisis of 2008-9) Although the assignment may say compare, the assumption is that you will consider both the imilarities and differences; in other words, you will compare and contrast. Make sure you know the basis for comparison The assignment sheet may say exactly what you need to compare, or it may ask you to come up with a basis for comparison yourself. Provided by the essay question: The essay question may ask that you consider the figure of the gentle man in Charles Dickenss Great Expectations and Anne Brontes The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. The basis for comparison will be the fgure of the gentleman. Developed by you: The question may simply ask that you compare the two novels. If so, you will need to develop a basis for comparison, that is, a theme, concern, or device common to both works from which you can draw similarities and differences. Develop a list of similarities and differences Once you know your basis for comparison, think critically about the similarities and differences between the items you are comparing, and compile a list of them. For example, you might decide that in Great Expectations, being a true gentleman is not a matter of manners or position but morality, whereas in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall, being a true gentleman is not about luxury and self-indulgence but hard work nd productivity. The list you have generated is not yet your outline for the essay, but it should provide you with enough similarities and differences to construct an initial plan. Develop a thesis based on the relative weight of similarities and differences Once you have listed similarities and differences, decide whether the similarities on the whole outweigh the differences or vice versa. Create a thesis statement that reflects their relative weights. A more complex thesis will usually include both similarities and differences. Here are examples o t the two main cases: Differences outweigh similarities: While Callaghans All the Years of Her Life and Mistrys Of White Hairs and Cricket both follow the conventions of the coming-of-age narrative, Callaghans story adheres more closely to these conventions by allowing its central protagonist to mature. In Mistrys story, by contrast, no real growth occurs. Similarities outweigh differences: Although Darwin and Lamarck came to different conclusions about whether acquired traits can be inherited, they shared the key distinction of recognizing that species evolve over time. Come up with a structure for your essay Alternating method: Point-by-point pattern In the alternating method, you find related points common to your central subjects A and B, and alternate between A and B on the basis of these points (ABABAB . For instance, a comparative essay on the French and Russian revolutions might examine how both revolutions either encouraged or thwarted innovation in terms of new technology, military strategy, and the administrative system. A Paragraph 1 in body new technology and the French Revolution BParagraph 2 in body new technology and the Russian Revolution A Paragraph 3 in body military strategy and the French Revolution B Paragraph 4 in body military strategy and the Russian Revolution A Paragraph 5 in body administrative system and the French Revolution B Paragraph 6 in body administrative system and the Russian Revolution Note that the French and Russian revolutions (A and B) may be dissimilar rather than similar in the way they affected innovation in any of the three areas of technology, military strategy, and administration. To use the alternating method, you Just need to have something noteworthy to say about both A and B in each area. Finally, you may certainly include more than three pairs of alternating points: allow the subject matter o determine the number of points you choose to develop in the body of your essay. When do I use the alternating method? Professors often like the alternating system because it generally does a better Job of highlighting similarities and differences by Juxtaposing your points about A and B. It also tends to produce a more tightly integrated and analytical paper. Consider the alternating method if you are able to identify clearly related points between A and B. Otherwise, if you attempt to impose the alternating method, you will probably find it counterproductive. Block meth d Subject-by-subject pattern In the block method (AS), you discuss all of A, then all of B. For example, a comparative essay using the block method on the French and Russian revolutions would address the French Revolution in the first half of the essay and the Russian Revolution in the second half. If you choose the block method, however, do not simply append two disconnected essays to an introductory thesis. The B block, or second half of your essay, should refer to the A block, or first half, and make clear points of comparison whenever comparisons are relevant. (Unlike A, B .. or Like A, B .. This technique will allow for a higher level of critical engagement, continuity, and cohesion. A Paragraphs 1-3 in body How the French Revolution encouraged or thwarted innovation B Paragraphs 4-6 in body How the Russian Revolution encouraged or thwarted innovation When do I use the block method? The block method is particularly useful in the following cases: You are unable to find points about A and B that are closely related to each other. Your ideas about B build upon or extend your ideas about A. You are comparing three or more subjects as opposed to the traditional two.

10 Facts About Spanish Adverbs

10 Facts About Spanish Adverbs Here are 10 facts about Spanish adverbs that will come in handy to know as you learn Spanish: 1. An adverb is a part of speech that is used to modify the meaning of an adjective, verb, another adverb or an entire sentence. In other words, adverbs in Spanish have basically the same function as they do in English. 2. Most adverbs are formed by taking the singular feminine form of the adjective and adding the suffix -mente. Thus -mente is usually the equivalent of the -ly ending in English. 3. Many of the most common adverbs are short words that dont end in -mente. Among them are aquà ­ (here), bien (well), mal (poorly), no (not), nunca (never) and siempre (always). 4. Regarding placement of adverbs, adverbs that affect the meaning of a verb usually go after the verb, while adverbs that affect the meaning of an adjective or another adverb are usually placed in front of the word they refer to. 5. It is extremely common in Spanish to use an adverbial phrase, usually a phrase of two or three words, where an adverb might be used in English. In fact, in many cases Spanish speakers often prefer adverbial phrases even where a corresponding adverb exists. For example, while the adverb nuevamente, meaning newly or anew, is readily understood, native speakers are much more likely to say de nuevo or otra vez to mean much the same thing. 6. In a series of adverbs that end in -mente, the -mente ending is used on only the final adverb. An example would be in the sentence Puede compartir archivos rpida y fcilmente (You can share files quickly and easily), where the -mente is shared with rpida and fcil. 7. Some nouns act as adverbs even though you might not think of them that way. Common examples are  the days of the week  and  the months. In the sentence Nos vamos el lunes a una cabaà ±a en el campo (Were going away Monday to a cabin in the country), el lunes is functioning as an adverb of time. 8. Occasionally, singular masculine adjectives can function as adverbs, especially in informal speech. Sentences such as canta muy lindo (he/she sings beautifully) and estudia fuerte (he studies hard) can be heard in some areas but sound wrong or overly informal in other areas. Such usage is best avoided except in imitation of native speakers in your locality. 9. Adverbs of doubt or probability that affect the meaning of a verb often require the affected verb to be in the subjunctive mood. Example: Hay muchas cosas que probablemente no sepas sobre mi paà ­s. (There are many things you probably dont know about my country.) 10. When no or another adverb of negation comes before a verb, a negative form can still be used afterward, forming a double negative. Thus a sentence such as No tengo nada (literally, I dont have nothing) is grammatically correct Spanish.

Britannia Bridge ( Menai Strait, wales ) Research Paper

Britannia Bridge ( Menai Strait, wales ) - Research Paper Example Alternatively, contained in the research is the civilization behind the project, the culture, and the contribution it must have made to the built environment. A critical analysis of the actual construction and the materials used has been used to assist in the generation of a what-if analysis of a scenario of the project being built today. Great bridge works in history are perhaps an inspiration for the construction of more exhilarating works in today’s and in the future needs. It goes without saying that great future construction works such as the envisioned Transatlantic Tunnel will build a lot on the past successful works of a similar challenge. Linking some of the most successful earliest construction projects that will spur growth in this built environment sector brings into the minds of engineers the contribution that suspension and tube bridges make. In European construction history, some of the earliest bridges of this nature to be constructed and that studies can reveal useful insights on their engineering cannot ignore the great Welsh works. In this discourse, the Britannia Bridge that connects the Anglesey Island with mainland of the country is analyzed to reveal the intricate details of the project from construction to completion and reconstruction (Anglesey Mon Information, 1). For purposes of comp arison of factors, the geography of the area around the bridge is briefly discussed, with explanation of why a bridge was needed. A mention of a second bridge serving the same purpose as the Britannia Bridge is made with a brief explanation of its construction aspects enabling comparison with the main bridge of discussion. In the mid 19th century, it was perhaps very unimaginable to have a tube bridge connecting an island with the mainland but in 1826, the Menai Bridge was completed. Its capacity was overstretched over the years and it became clear that as the flow of important cargo and

Role of the scientist in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein Essay

Role of the scientist in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein - Essay Example volved in these debates being waged, particularly as newspapers and other periodicals became more available thanks to the introduction of the printing press. These new media proved essential in introducing and maintaining widespread discourse in the political and social issues of the day, not just in the form of non-fiction news articles, but also in the form of fiction novels. â€Å"The Victorian novel, with its emphasis on the realistic portrayal of social life, represented many Victorian issues in the stories of its characters† (â€Å"The Victorian Age†, 2007). One of these debates was the question of the proper role of the scientist in the contemporary age, addressed in the novel Frankenstein written by Mary Shelley. In this novel, Victor Frankenstein, the main protagonist, stretches the bounds of technology to its limit takes the concept of new technology to its ultimate limit trying to overcome death by re-animating dead tissue, trying to create life on his own terms. The science of the past is criticized for its inability to produce on its premises just as the science of the present is criticized for its lack of imagination. â€Å"The ancient teachers of this science,’ said he [Frankenstein’s first professor], ‘promised impossibilities, and performed nothing. The modern masters promise very little; they know that metals cannot be transmuted, and that the elixir of life is a chimera† (Shelley, 1993: 40). However, there is also an upper end to how far science should strive. â€Å"Victor Frankenstein, the modern Prometheus seeks to attain the knowledge of the Gods, to enter the sphere of the creator rather than the created† (Bushi, 2002). Frankenstein envisioned himself creating a better human than the one created by God, presuming he could somehow circumvent the powers of nature established by God to impose the better, stronger and more economic powers of man. â€Å"The comment that seems evident in Frankenstein is that God has abandoned Man; the

America’s current policies Essay Example for Free

America’s current policies Essay Often, present generations, completely apathetic about their own sins, casts judgment upon the people who came before. This is not to say that, contrary to the prevailing wisdom currently choking our country, there are not absolute truths that were present during the inception of this country as well as in our present day. It is very unfortunate that some of our founding fathers held slaves; especially the author of the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson, who held nearly two hundred slaves at one time on his plantation at Monticello. We do not like that the father of freedom in America could not find it in himself to free his slaves. Jefferson’s own cousin, as well as a number of fellow Virginians freed their slaves. From 1780 until 1800, the population of free blacks in Virginia rose from just over 2,000 to more than 30,000. (Burns, 1997) Where is Thomas Jefferson? However, did those who contributed to the Constitution yet held slaves, serve to invalidate the Constitution or their own individual contributions? It would have to seem that it does. However, not to the same degree as some of America’s current policies invalidates our ability to even cast judgment on other generations in the first place. People in glass houses should not throw stones. This is a famous saying which can be applied to every person or generation who judges another while being less than perfect themselves. America is the 21st century is a far cry from America at its birth. The population, in 1776, was just under three million people. (McCullough, 2007 pg. 26) Last fall, America’s population exceeded three hundred million people. Technology has certainly made the world a much different place and America is not only the richest country in the world, it is also the most powerful. The founding fathers could scarily fathom what this country would become in a little more than two hundred years. However, would they be proud of what had been accomplished? In some ways, the founding fathers would be glowing with joy and pride. In other ways, they could not help but feel a great deal of shame and embarrassment at what America had become. In the past thirty years, revisionist historians have tried to tell Americans that this country was formed, not out of the pursuit of religious freedom as the Mayflower Compact reads but rather to make money and to expand their wealth and land holdings. Also, that the founding fathers were not deeply religious men but rather Deists who seemed apathetic towards absolute truths. These assertions are fallible to the core and scarily a student of history can accept such tripe. However, even the deists and atheists were still very moral men who were led by principles and not by what was convenient as they were men of the Enlightenment. Therefore, the question which should also be asked in conjunction with this theme is: Does America stand on any moral ground to even pass judgment in the first place on any past generation. Did our forefathers risk their lives so that more than thirty million babies could be aborted since 1973 and 40% of all children are now born without a father living in the home? Did our forefathers risk their lives so that more than 20,000 people could be murdered each year for the pursuit of money to buy drugs? When the forefathers secured freedom of speech, did that mean that pornographic movies could be shown on the television or curse words spewed at a dizzying rapidity? In a time when gay marriage is being pressed so heavily upon our members of Congress, would our forefathers; individuals who regarded the act as so impure, that they would go out of their way to describe such actions in an indirect way in their writings and all believed to be a sin? There can be added to this list, more than a dozen modern examples and whether or not one agrees that the aforementioned are problems in this country or not, our forefathers could not help but see them as grave mistakes and impediments on our history. It seems unlikely that those individuals, such as John Adams and George Washington, to name only a few; so fervent in their religious convictions, that they freely invoked the word of God in their writings and speeches, could have consented to such depravity. More than 35% of all of the quotes of America’s forefathers came from the Bible. Does America’s hunger for relativism and humanism disallow us from even being able to even ask the question: Were the actions of the forefathers pure enough to even form a country in the first place? For every person who would say no, there would be two of the aforementioned society which would say the same about us. Now, this is not to say that slavery was not extremely immoral which served as a cancer on our society at that time and created a legacy of racial hatred and inequality which is still present today. Anyone who believes that this country is one of the greatest in the world, if not the entire world as I do, such apathy towards our forefathers own words, has to invoke a degree of annoyance towards men who are revered for what the gave to future generations in the formation of a democratic, capitalist and free society. One wonders why a clear consciousness was not worth simply paying their workers a modest wage instead of forcing involuntary servitude. What was going through the minds when Thomas Jefferson introduced legislation to end slavery during the Constitutional Convention? Historians have argued that if Jefferson provided a hard line against slavery, then his other policies would have been pushed to the side and perhaps never passed. This is probably true. However, what stopped Jefferson from freeing his own slaves at Monticello? These questions may never be answered. So in the end, it would seem best for Americans to tread carefully when dismissing an entire generation and their works because of a sin which was all too apparent in 18th century America. Slavery was wrong? There is no doubt about that. However, has America lost most of its moral authority, as well as the rest of the West? This is to be sure. As more and more people turn away from the ideas of absolute truths and towards relativism and humanism, preferring instead what is convenient and not what is right, problems which America is now suffering, is its natural result. If the incompatibility of the actions and words of the slave holding forefathers invalidates their work, then it should be placed a top a very long list of this country’s ironic measures which have grown at an exponential rate in recent decades. WORKS CITED Burns, Ken Thomas Jefferson New York: Thirteen Productions PBS 1997 McCullough, David 1776. New York: Scribners 2007

Nonverbal Communication - Actions Speak Louder than Words Essay

Communication is the backbone of human existence. Without it we would be nothing more than organized matter. It has allowed us to grow, learn, build, and survive. The fact that our species has managed to develop advanced methods of communication, such as language, is what has set us aside from other animals. When we talk to another person we are sending a message which is received, decoded, and responded to accordingly. But there is much more to communication than just its verbal aspects. The way we hold ourselves, tone of voice, bodily gestures, eye movement, all of these are types of nonverbal communication and are in truth more important to the communication process than language itself. According to Adler, Proctor II, and Towne’s Looking Out Looking In, nonverbal communication is defined as â€Å"messages expressed by other than linguistic means†. This type of message delivery is as complex if not more so than its linguistic counterpart. Non verbal messages are what shape the meaning of delivered dialogue and give it context. Without them the communication process would be severely impaired if not totally destroyed. There are several different components that make up the whole of nonverbal communication. Kinesics is the movement and positioning of the body and how it is interpreted by a receiver. This includes many of the more obvious nonverbal cues such clapping your hands or a thumb up. Oculesics refers to eye contact and eye positioning during communication. Averti...

Human societ

The human society is a very complicated structure. It consists of a huge quantity of members, each of them with their own thoughts, emotions and experiences. The notion of â€Å"society† unifies all those members and therefore, they must correspond to the standards of that society. They have to elaborate some special mode of living, thinking, behaviour in order to be like other. â€Å"Being like all† – that’s the main motto of human society of all times. Within the complex structure of society one can be happy and rich, other unhappy and poor but everyone tries to be like the rest.But it is well known that each rule can have its exceptions. So, the human society has. There are people who are not able to find their place in the society. Each of them has his own reasons. One just doesn’t want to be like all, the other just can’t behaviour like people around him and so on. In the world literature the notion of the â€Å"outsider† has been rather often discussed. Among these discussions the view of â€Å"outsider† by Thomas Mann and Albert Camus are one of the most interesting. Tonio Kroeger in the novel of the same name by T. Mann is rather a typical outsider. So, what made him to be so?Surely, he is an artist and the real artist is always a little bit different from the crowd. But there are many talented artists which are not outsiders at all in their real life. Tonio is a lonely artist. These two words- â€Å"lonely artist† are able to explain the Kroeger’s problem. The first word is â€Å"lonely† and the second is â€Å"artist†. The â€Å"lonely† is the reason and the â€Å"artist† is the consequence. Kroeger has become an artist because he was lonely and couldn’t find himself in this life. All he can do is creating art describing the reality around him but he is not able to live in this reality.He realizes that his inability and suffers a lot because of tha t. Some of the events of this story must be perceived in symbolic manner because of Kroeger’s difficulties in being like other. His homosexual sympathy to Hans Hansen hasn’t to be understood as just a physical sexual expression. This sympathy symbolizes the Kroeger’s aspiration for prestige bourgeois life as Hans was the bright representative of same. Kroeger couldn’t find himself in this bourgeois life but was eager of living like his â€Å"ordinary† contemporaries. That’s why Hans attracted him. Kroeger lived in constant paradox within him.His heart was the heart of an artist but in his veins the bourgeois blood was flowing. He wanted to be as easygoing and careless as his friends but he couldn’t be so because his mind was depressed all the time by the events of the life around him and he could only describe them in his art. That was the main reason of Kroegen’s being the outsider. The main thing Kroeger had to learn during h is life was that probably his outstanding skills as an artist were conditioned by his withdrawing from the ordinary life. In other words, if he had been an ordinary bourgeois personality he wouldn’t have been a gifted artist.The main reason of his unhappiness was that he didn’t want to understand that simple thing: it is not possible to connect things which can not be connected – the commonplace satisfied life and the delicate, sensitive vision of the artist. Should Kroegen understand that in time, the life would be much easier for him. But he understood that later. Perhaps, that’s the fate of each real talent – to pass through many difficulties in order to find oneself in the art. The ordinary always remains to be ordinary. It is not worth to follow it.We must follow things that we have skills for and there always will be place for the ordinary in our life – it will come into our lives by itself. But if talented person tries to overtake the ordinary or to live between the ordinary and the exalted he or she is doomed to unhappiness and misfortune. Precisely that started to happen with Tonio Kroeger. When he understood that it is not possible to find compromise between â€Å"the Dionysian† (all the passionate and emotional) and â€Å"the Apollonian† (rational and reasonable) he decided to combine them in his art and that was the unique correct decision for him.Albert Camus in his â€Å"Stranger† gives us the other notion of outsider. Meursault – a man of absurd in the world of absurd, – that’s the Camus’ vision of the problem in case. When after the first sentence of the novel -â€Å"Maman died today† follow the indifferent meditations of the protagonist regarding when died his mother – today or yesterday, we understand the Meursault is completely indifferent to the notions of time, place and many other phenomena of our real world. All along the novel new ar guments prove that. Meursault lives being ruled by purely physical instincts.His life consists of a number of patterns (ways of behaviour) which he uses every day. For example, he becomes sad because Sunday came and broke the customary way of his everyday life. The heat produced by the sun when he goes back from the funeral of his mother worries him more than the very death of his mother. In other words the Meursault activities look completely paradoxical for other people, but not paradoxically for him. Camus presents in his hero his understanding of life in general and of truth in particular. To say more, Meursault believes sincerely in justice and truth.But he has his own notion of that â€Å"truth†. Yes, he doesn’t cry at his mother’s funeral. But on the other hand he never says lies. He doesn’t see any sense in acting like the rest of people. He just shows his own true emotions or indifference in each particular moment of his life. He is independent i n the full meaning of this word. He doesn’t believe in God, he lives by his own motives. Society tries to find some meaning in his behaviour but all in vain. It is not possible to find sense in absurd. Otherwise, it will not be absurd any more. Thus, Meursault embodies the Camus’ notion of so-called â€Å"relative truth†.That is not all society’s truth but the truth of one person. Yes, he guns down the Arab but he believes in justice and doesn’t try to avoid it. Certainly, it sounds terribly but that is Camus’ absurd vision of the truth. On the one hand Meursault’s activities are horrible as that his â€Å"relative truth† makes a lot of harm to other people but on the other hand he is not eager of making harm to anyone, he never lies, he is just living his own life which is right to his opinion. This difference between Meursault’s truth and society’s truth makes Meursault to be the outsider.He can’t underst and the sense of the society’s existence (to say it more exactly – he doesn’t even want to understand it as it is not important for him) and the society, in its turn, can’t find out any meanings in the mode of Meursault’s life. Nevertheless, Meursault has learnt his lesson towards the end of the story. When we see him sentenced to death it is already possible to speak about â€Å"new† Meursault. It doesn’t mean that he has completely changed his moral perception. He still doesn’t believe in God and is sure that after death there is nothing but non-existence.But he started using his memory what he has never done before. He remembers his father and understands all the â€Å"advantages† of human memory. He had never resorted to his memories and lived only following his physical impulses. When being in prison he understood how good it can be – to remember something that has happened once. Meursault starts to distingui sh the past and the future. His imagination and feelings work like they never did before. He realizes that both imagination and feelings (spiritual, not physical feelings) are rather useful in regular life.Only in prison he begins to perceive each new day like a gift (as there were few left before his death penalty) without classifying them in days which are good and in days which break his customary way of life. In other words he began to understand that his life was not as correct as it seemed to him before. But he started to understand that too late when his life was going to be cut by those who haven’t managed to find some meaning in his life. Both Tonio Kroeger and Meursault realized the mistakes of their existence.Kroeger understood that he was unable to learn living like other people because the problem which was, by the way, created by himself was already too significant and complex for him and he had to find some area in which he could get rid of that immense moral t ension. That area became his art for him. Meursault couldn’t change his life because he was already sentenced to death for the actions of his previous egoistic â€Å"self-life†. These two protagonists are similar in this respect as they both realized the necessity to change their lives. Nevertheless, there is a clear difference in â€Å"being outsider† between Kroeger and Meursault.Kroeger was a brightly expressed outsider as he couldn’t find himself in his society and that was hurting him a lot. He really was out of society’s side. He crossed successfully with the society within his professional skills only when he was describing that society in his works. As to the commonplace reality- he was an unhappy man. Meursault, contrary to Kroegen, represents another type of outsider: â€Å"outsider within society†. Meursault was the member of society and that’s why society was astonished by his behaviour. He was a stranger within society an d that made his activities paradoxical.Kroeger experienced pain because he was outsider and the society didn’t care a lot about it. Meursault didn’t suffer a lot because of being outsider – but society suffered because of his activities. Speaking about the outcomes made by each of these two protagonists it is necessary to say that Kroeger’s conclusion was more successful than Meursault’s. Kreoger found the decision of his problem in his art and Meursault had not already time for the correction of his mistakes as he realized them under the threat of guillotine. Being outsider means to not coincide with the public’s opinions and norms of life.T. Mann and Albert Camus showed us that the notion of the outsider is poly-semantic. Tonio Kreoger and the stranger Meursault are both outsiders but each in his proper manner. Kroeger is an â€Å"outer outsider† (he wants to be within the society being like all) and Meursault is an â€Å"inner out sider† (he doesn’t feel himself to be outsider but the society consider him to be so). Regarding Mann’s story it would be helpful to conclude that it is not worth to follow the common opinion and try to be like all. The most important thing is to preserve the skills and the lofty given to you by the nature.As to the Camus’ novel, it is possible to learn from it that being honest only for oneself is not enough, it is also necessary to thing about the society you live in and that one’s notions of truth are not always common for all. The society was created by people precisely in order to find the compromise between different people’s opinions. Both Kroeger and Meursault have become outsiders by themselves. The conclusions they have made from their mistakes are rather consoling. So, hope that Mann and Camus’ novels will serve as good examples for many for not being an outsider in the future.

The Law of E-Commerce

English law has long been recognized as respecting freedom of contract. In other words, the state has not, generally, laid down legislation which has interfered with the freedom of parties to agree the terms of their contracts. In more recent years, there have been a number of inroads into the principle of freedom of contract, particularly with respect to consumer protection. It very much remains the case that English law does provide parties with considerable flexibility both as how they conclude contracts and the terms that they include. Offer and acceptance In order for a contract to be binding under English law it requires an offer, acceptance, intention to create legal relations, consideration and capacity. With regard to electronic commerce, the contractual requirements need careful consideration. Offer A supplier offers an unconditional offer which could be accepted by any potential customer. If the customer informs the supplier that he or she accepts the offer ,there will be a binding contract. On the other hand, the supplier could provide to the customer what is known in legal terms as an â€Å"invitation to treat†. This is not a binding offer, but an â€Å"invitation† for the customer to make an offer, which the supplier can then accept. It is very important for suppliers wanting to sell goods through on line to ensure that their websites and other on line advertisements are interpreted as invitations to treat. If a supplier's website constituted a formal offer to provide certain services or goods, the supplier may be in breach of the local laws (both civil and criminal) if there are certain kind of customers who would not ordinarily be entitled to make the purchases which are being offered. For instances, the sale of alcoholic products to minors and guns or other weapons into all countries, when some countries restrict more carefully the circumstances in which guns or other weapon can be purchased. Acceptance English law is generally very flexible about how an offer can be accepted. Acceptance could be communicated by an acknowledgement (e.g. email) or by physical act such as the shipping of the goods. What is more uncertain under English law is when acceptance takes place – particularly in an Internet contract. The general rule is that an offer is not accepted until acceptance is communicated to the offeror. So far there is no case relating to this rule which applies to contracts made over the internet. But however, there is case law which applies to other instantaneous forms of communication, such as telexes and facsimiles, provided that such communications are sent during the business hours. With the global use of electronic trade, the question of when each business day begins may be difficult to determine – particularly when the customer cannot easily work out where the server accessed is based. The major exception to the general rule on acceptance concerns acceptance by post. In the majority of cases, acceptance takes place when the acceptance is posted and not when it is received by the offeror. The â€Å"postal† rule means that the contract will already have been made and the offeror will be bound to complete his obligations, provided that the other party can prove that the acceptance letter has been posted. In some ways, notwithstanding its instantaneous nature, acceptance by electronic means does have similarities to postal acceptance. A common carrier will assume the responsibility in transmitting the message (in this instance the carrier is the Internet Provider). With this kind of communication, it is not easy to determine the receipt with respect to email sent over the internet. What this means is that the sending party will not know when or if the acceptance has been received. Given the fact that it is not clear when acceptance of an offer will occur, any supplier should take care to consider how and when acceptance will take place. This has long been the principle adopted in EDI contracts, and those doing business on the Internet have to ensure that they do not leave anything out for questioning later in the contract. Any supplier should have no difficulty in exercising control over the manner in which the only contracting process is conducted. Unlike the Internet most real world contracts are formed on a person to person basis, either by a face to face conversation or verbally over the phone. By contrast, most Internet contracts are remotely made, impersonal and above all automated. If there is any ambiguity or uncertainty over the transaction but a more likely issue to whether there was a contract at all. Contract terms and liability English law gives the contracting parties the freedom to set many of the terms upon which they will contract the business. But this will be subjected to two areas where the law will imply terms. First, certain terms will be implied by statute. Secondly, the law will imply terms just to give â€Å"business efficiency† to a contract. This happens where either parties have forgotten to deal with an issue expressly in circumstances where they would have done so had they thought about the issue at the time f the contract was finalized. The main terms implied by statute in contracts to sell goods is the Sale of Goods Act 1979. This terms will imply to any contract that: * the goods will be of satisfactory quality; * where expressly or impliedly known by the supplier, the goods will be reasonably fit for the buyer's purposes; * where goods are sold by reference to a description, the goods will correspond to that description. This term is particularly important for internet sales where a buyer may make a purchase of certain goods having visited a supplier's website. If a supplier provides services, the implied term for the services will be that they will be dealt with â€Å"reasonable skill care†, and within a reasonable time frame (Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982). Under the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977, these terms cannot be exempted in any circumstances with respect to consumers. Sometimes in the contract for a business, a supplier can exclude liability for breach of these implied terms where it is â€Å"reasonable† to do so. Not only the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 in which the implied terms under the Sale of Goods Act can be exempted, but the Act also imply other liability can be limited as far as the services concerned. The main provisions deal with: * liability for death and personal injury – this cannot be exempt under any circumstances; * liability in negligence other than for death and personal injury – this can be exempt where reasonable; * liability to a consumer – this can be exempt only where reasonable (except in the case of liability for breach of the terms implied under the Sale of Goods Act; * liability when dealing on the supplier's standard terms and conditions – a supplier can only be exempt liability to his customers where it is reasonable to do so; There are a number of matters with regard to the reasonableness that the court will take into account when questioning each case individually. The questions are undoubtedly related to the insurance carried by both parties; what other sources were open to customers; and whether the buyer knows or ought to know the exclusions and limitations clauses incorporated into the contract. If there are any ambiguities in the terms of the contract, the court will be in favour of the customer. And the supplier will be left to prove that his exclusions are to be reasonable with respect to doing the business. No doubt that many online contracts will incorporate standard terms and many sales will be directly to consumers, the Unfair Contract Terms Act will play a role in determining the exposure a supplier may face in providing the services or goods using the Internet as a communication mechanism. The UCTA will only be using the English law system for a contract of consumers if they are based in the UK and for a contract where there is a choice of law other than English law, when it is selected for the purposes (mainly or wholly) of trying to avoid the effect of UCTA. Apart from the Unfair Contract Terms Act, there is one exception with regard to the contracts conducted over the Internet. It concerns the international supply contracts where the offer and acceptance of the sale of goods take place in different countries or the goods are physically shipped from one jurisdiction to another. Many companies wishing to sell goods through the Internet could use this exception whereby the purchaser accesses the server to order goods from other location which is outside of the English jurisdiction. It should be realized that this exception can be applied even where the English law is governing law of contract. When a contract is considered to be an international one, the Unfair Contract Terms Act will not intervene and a supplier is free to limit or exclude his liability without having to look at the UCTA to see whether if it is reasonable to do so. Although it is likely to apply to sales to businesses only in the light of certain parallel consumer legislation – the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994. In addition to UCTA, any supplier considering doing businesses over the Internet must also bear in mind the impact of the Regulations when dealing with the consumers. These Regulations incorporate into English law of the European Community Directive on Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts, which provides the entire states of the European Union cases in which it is unfair to limit or to exclude certain rights of consumers by contract terms. If the terms of the contract is considered to be unfair, then it will be declared as void. Furthermore, the Regulations could assist the consumers if the consumers are asked to pay a penalty in the event they fail to complete their contractual obligations and when the supplier restrict the consumers' legal recourse in the event of a breach (for instance, by making the consumer go to arbitration). It is for this reason that it was suggested that the international supply contract with the exception in UCTA will only be of real benefit to those selling goods to businesses. Furthermore, there are also other helpful pieces of legislation which a consumer can depend on: * The Consumer Credit Act 1974 – if a customer has paid for the goods by credit card and the value of each item is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 or more then the credit card company assumes the same responsibilities as the supplier does and a consumer can make a complain to them. * The Misrepresentation Act 1967 – may give a customer the right to return goods and have his money back if he/she has been told something factual about them that made him/her decide to buy but which turns out to be untrue. * The Trades Description Act 1968 – if a seller makes a particularly gross misrepresentation about an article or if he or she is regularly misrepresenting the qualities of any goods then this may warrant a complaint to and investigation by Trading Standards who have the power to prosecute. * Misleading Prices Regulations – the law does not control prices as such but does requires that prices are accurately displayed or advertised. If a seller has incorrectly displayed a price a customer cannot force a sale at that price but it may warrant a complain to Trading Standards. So how can businesses conducting sales over the Internet protect themselves from the inevitability of pricing errors? Hence thousand of orders can be placed with online retailers before they can detect the problem. When the prices are incorrectly displayed and contracts are formed, the sellers are forced to choose between accepting that price as a financial loss in goodwill or trying to consider the contracts under the doctrine of unilateral mistake. Otherwise to avoid the contracts to be binding with customers with the incorrectly pricing, the sellers should employ protective methods of contract formation that assist them to prevent loss. The risks and costs of pricing errors Many online errors result from the fact of proofreading mistakes and software problems, but a lot of mistakes keep increasing because many sellers online tend to change their prices more often than normal and convenience high street stores [1]. Furthermore, online businesses execute sales automatically and therefore lose the added safety of having the human eye confirm the price. The Internet, with all the richness of information resources, can cause some harm. Many of the online shopping combine with chat rooms, emails and bulletin board which in turn can result in a flood of orders and thousands of sales being processed before the sellers is able to pinpoint and correct the mistake. For instance, in 2001, Kodak offered a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½329 digital camera for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 [2]. At the time the case was decided that Kodak's automatic confirmation email formed legally binding contracts [3], and in the end, the company was forced to honour the sales. The incident caused the company substantial losses of more than à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2 million [4]. Kodak argued that, if there was a contract formed, that contract could be void by reason of â€Å"mistake† (i.e. the price of the goods offered was so low that there was obviously a mistake). Kodak's refusal to fulfill orders was widely reported. The common law view was that Kodak would lose any actions brought against it because 1) its standard terms were unfair to the consumer; 2) a camera worth à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 being sold as a special offer for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 was not an obvious mistake; and 3) Kodak's reply not only to acknowledge the sale, but used the words â€Å"this contract†, Kodak forced to accept the orders. In another example involving Argos, a catalogue online retailer, who advertised a TV on its website for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.99, one one-hundredth of its normal price. Argos received orders worth over à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 millions, none of which were acknowledged. Argos argued that there was no contract between the customers and itself, because Argos did not confirm any orders as far as the product concerned. The case was decided confidentially and it is believed that Argos did not fulfill the majority of those orders. The equitable doctrine of unilateral mistake When the online seller make honest and honourable mistake on pricing which result in big losses, their mistake could be considered based on the doctrine of unilateral mistake. What this means is that one party's mistake could make the contract voidable when the mistake concerns a basic assumption on which the contract was formed and has a material effect on the agreement that is adverse to that party [5]. Furthermore, the effected party must prove that: a) the mistake is such that enforcement would be unconscionable, or b) the other party had reason to know the mistake or should have known that the price was a mistake [6]. An unconscionable contract is defined as â€Å"no man in his senses, not under delusion, would make†¦.and which no fair and honest man would accept†¦.† [7]. The contract, if was formed, must cause hardship to the effected party [8]. In addition to this, the court would look to see whether the sale would cause the seller a big loss and not merely a diminished profit [9]. Alternatively, the online seller could also prove that the customers had reason to know or ought to know that the price was wrong [10]. â€Å"Reason to know† means that a person â€Å"has a duty to another† and â€Å"he would not be acting adequately in the protection of his own interests were he not acting with reference to the facts which he has reason to know† [11]. Rescinding the contract is the only remedy option under the unilateral mistake; it is not a basis for reformation [12]. It means that the seller cannot ask the customer to go ahead with the sale at the actual price. But instead, the seller must cancel all customer's order and re-offer the good at the actual price. However, after the re-offering the good the customer might not show any more interest in purchasing it. In some instances, the court might refuse to order rescission. The court will consider whether one party has so detrimentally relied on the contract it would be inequitable to order rescission [13], will be prejudiced by rescission [14], or cannot be returned to the status quo [15]. Furthermore, the court might refuse to rescind the contract when the mistake resulted from the seller's negligence or lack of due care [16]. Case of an e-seller policy Amazon.com provides an example of an online seller who has incorporated a policy into its website to deal with potential pricing mistakes. It provides a direct link to its pricing policy from its term of use. In its term, Amazon states that the price of any products is not confirmed till the customer completes the order. Additionally, Amazon further states that the items in the catalogue may be mispriced and the price will be verified before it's sent out. If the actual price is lower than the stated price, Amazon will charge the lower price and ship the good. On the other hand, if the actual price is higher, Amazon will either contact the customer or cancel the order and notify the customer of its cancellation. Despite all these precautions, however, Amazon has been involved in a number of argument concerning the incorrect pricing. Recently, in the UK Amazon made a mistake in advertising iPaq handheld computers priced at less than one fiftieth of the retail price. But fortunately, Amazon has managed to avoid big losses because its conditions of sale explicitly stated that the contract is not formed till the good was dispatched, giving Amazon the right to cancel most of the orders it has received. The contents of its conditions' statement were the same throughout. On the same token, in America, Amazon mistakenly put on sale a memory module priced at 10% less than the actual price and DVD's priced at 75% of their list price. Amazon in America emailed notices to customers, in according to their pricing policy, requesting if they could pay for the actual price of the products or cancel their order completely. Several customers filed complaints to the Federal Trade Commission and the Better Business Bureau. But it is not clear how these complaints have been resolved. Conclusion In short, to avoid losses caused by pricing errors, online seller can employ a few measures ensuring that his business is protected. One of the thing the seller should do is he should include the terms and conditions in the contract stating that he reserves the right to cancel orders and an explanation that the customer's order only constitutes an offer, which the seller can accept by charging the customer's credit card or by dispatching the good. In addition, the customer should be required to assent to those terms and conditions by clicking â€Å"I accept† during the checkout process. The English cases indicate that the terms of a contract are binding if a seller has made sufficient efforts to bring the terms to the attention of the buyer and if the parties agree to the terms. It is very important that the buyer who buy things online ought to see and accept the terms before an order is placed. However, the terms should allow the sellers to reject orders at any stage before dispatch. Any automatic response to an order ought to let the buyer know that a binding contract has not been entered into and the price is subject to change until it is shipped. Although these precautions has taken place, a seller online may still face potential litigation and consumer complaints, concerning any incorrect prices confirmed by auto-reply emails. The Internet is undoubtedly will grow in importance and it is no more than a tool of communication just like the telephone, telex or fax. Furthermore, electronic contract is becoming more common and right now a substantial percentage of both commerce and consumer contracts is concluded in cyberspace. Although e-commerce contracts suffer some problem, but they can be overcome by applying the three basic questions, when was the contract concluded? What are the terms of the contract? and where is the contract governed? These questions would help us to deal with any contract whether it is formed electronically or by more traditional means. â€Å"It is the moral equivalent of being given too much change in a supermarket and pocketing the money instead of handing it back† ( Bill Thompson, technology analyst).

Discrimination And Empowerment Mental Health Social Work Essay Essays

Discrimination And Empowerment Mental Health Social Work Essay Essays Discrimination And Empowerment Mental Health Social Work Essay Essay Discrimination And Empowerment Mental Health Social Work Essay Essay This essay will foremost specify what favoritism is and what it means to know apart. Examples will be used to show what favoritism may look like. A definition of authorization will besides be used. The essay will so critically research theory and thoughts around power and how power manifests between groups. This portion of the essay will touch on the thought of othering . The essay will travel on to concentrate on mental wellness, race and racism. The essay will utilize the thought that mental unwellness is a societal concept and expression at how mental unwellness can be unfastened to influences of racism from society ( Bailey 2004 ) . The essay will do links to institutional racism in mental wellness and psychopathology. In a basic sense to know apart agencies to: differentiate or to recognize a differentiation ( Oxford Dictionaries 2012 ) . In this basic sense it is a portion of day-to-day life to know apart. For illustration, a babe will frequently know apart between a alien and their health professional. Discrimination becomes a job when the difference or recognised differentiation is used for the footing of unjust intervention or exclusion ( Thompson 2012 ) . Anti-discriminatory pattern in societal work concerns itself with favoritism that has negative results ; whether this is negative favoritism or positive favoritism . Both are every bit as damaging. Thompson ( 1998 ) defines favoritism as a procedure where persons are divided into peculiar societal groups with an uneven distribution of power, resources, chances and even rights. Discrimination is non ever knowing ( Thompson 2009 ) and there are assorted types of favoritism ( EHRC 2012 ) . Discrimination can be direct, indirect, based on perceptual experience or on association ( EHRC 2012 ) . The Equality Act 2010 is statute law that protects persons and groups against favoritism. The Equality Act 2010 brought together several pieces of statute law to protect several protected features : age, disablement, gender reassignment, matrimony and civil partnership, race, faith or belief, sex and sexual orientation. Discrimination does non merely happen on a personal degree, harmonizing to Thompson ( 2012 ) , favoritism occurs on three degrees ; personal, cultural and construction. This will be explored more subsequently on. Empowerment is a term that frequently comes in to play when analyzing favoritism ; therefore it is of import to hold an apprehension of both. Authorization is the capacity of persons or groups to take control of their circumstance and utilize their power to assist themselves and others to maximize the quality of their lives ( Adams 2008: sixteen ) . Authorization is so non an absence of favoritism and power but an person s capacity to have or portion that power and take control. Therefore authorization is an anti-oppressive pattern non an anti-discriminatory 1. They are linked but non the same. Social workers act as mediators between service users and the province. Social workers are in a function that can potentially authorise or suppress ( Thompson 1997 ) . For this ground Thompson ( 1997: 11 ) argues that good pattern must be anti-discriminatory pattern , no affair how high the criterions of pattern are in other respects ( Thompson 2012 ) . Thompson ( 1997 ) reminds the reader many times throughout his book that If you re non portion of the solution you are portion of the job . I choose to include this because it reinforces that societal workers need to dispute favoritism and take action against it. Discrimination is political, sociological and psychological ( Thompson 2012 ) . To accept and digest it and to non to dispute it does so do societal workers portion of the job. Discrimination has links with power which the essay will travel on to explicate following. As defined by the Oxford Dictionary ( 2012 ) power is the ability or capacity to make something ; the capacity or ability to move in a peculiar manner to direct or act upon the behavior of others or the class of events ; or physical strength or force exerted by person . From this definition power could be seen as a coercive force or autocratic. However, some theoreticians would reason that there is more to power than merely coercion and authorization. Parsons ( 1969 cited Rogers 2008 ) took a different position on power. He saw power as a manner of keeping societal order alternatively of a force for single addition ( Rogers 2008 ) . Parsons ( 1969 cited Rogers 2008 ) believed that to be able to implement coercive action and justify it, there needs to be a corporate involvement from the societal system as a whole ( Rogers 2008 ) . Lukes ( 1974 ) would differ with Parsons definition on power. Lukes argues that power is less abstract ( Rogers 2008 ) and that exerting power is the determination to exercise control. Lukes ( 1974:74 ) illustrates this point as: A exercisings power over B when A effects B in a mode contrary to B s involvements . Dominelli ( 2008 ) focuses more on the thought of viing power ; which group has more power than the other . This splits people to either be in the dominant group or the minority. A dominant group tends to be deemed superior, and with high quality comes privilege ( Dominelli 2008 ) . As a consequence the other group is deemed inferior, the minority and disadvantaged. It is this compound of laterality and subjugation that favoritism derives from ( Rogers 2008 ) . It is a group s perceived superiorly over another group ( Thompson 2012 ) that justifies coercive action, control and favoritism. When people form oppressive relationships the inclination is to do a strategic determination that excludes a peculiar group or persons from accessing power and resources ( Dominelli 2002 ) . Othering can be experienced as multiple ; multiple subjugation. Peoples can be othered at the same time due to a figure of societal divisions ( Domenelli 2002 ) , for illustration, being a black adult female who experiences mental wellness issues. Social workers need to recognize power and its links to favoritism. Not to could farther suppress ( Thompson 2012 ) . It can experience uncomfortable to be in the privileged place ; whether this is as a white individual or a adult male and so on. The privileged group demand to prosecute in the battle for equality ( Corneau and Stergiopoulos 2012 ) . White people need to prosecute with the battle against racism and accept duty for racism as it is a job of white society and hence involves white people ( Strawbridge cited Corneau and Stergiopoulos 2012 ) . This account can be applied to any other groups that are considered to be the other . Rogers and Pilgrim ( 2006: 15 ) suggest that high quality is a societal building: a merchandise of human activity . Dominelli ( 2002 ) goes farther to state that subjugation itself is a societal concept as oppressive dealingss are non pre-determined but they are reproduced between societal interactions and modus operandis. Language is frequently used as a cardinal portion of societal interaction and is besides a really powerful tool. This relates to a great extent to societal work as societal workers are responsible for composing reports/care plans/assessments. Depending on how societal workers word written pieces of work can so paint a really different image of the service user they are working with. I was one time told that words are the slugs of bias , this illustrates that labels and linguistic communication can be powerful, damaging, potentially prejudiced and oppressive. Although labels can be damaging they are a portion of societal interaction. Labels help us to build our societal universe and we use them to happen similarities and differences to treat the universe around us ( Moncrieffe and Eyben 2007 ) . Although the procedure of labelling is cardinal to human behavior and interaction ( Moncrieffe and Eyben 2007:19 ) societal workers need to be cognizant of when these labels have the possible to be detrimental, oppressive and rein forcers of favoritism. Social workers need to reflect and see what labels they give people and what impacts this may hold. Labels can be used to alter or prolong power dealingss which can hold an impact on bias and on accomplishing equality ( Moncrieffe and Eyben 2007 ) . This essay will utilize the subjects discussed so far to concentrate in on mental wellness as an country of pattern and critically explore institutionalized racism within mental wellness pattern and psychopathology. To get down I will briefly return to Thompson s ( 2012 ) PCS analysis in relation to mental wellness and race . The P degree is our ain single attitudes and feelings ( Thompson 2012 ) . Although it is of import to analyze our ain beliefs we do non populate in a moral and political vacuity ( Coppock and Dunn 2010: 8 ) . For this ground Thompson ( 2012 ) besides refers to the cultural ( C ) and structural ( S ) . P is embedded in C and C and P in S which builds up meshing beds of favoritism ; personal, cultural and structural. The C degree is where we learn our norms and values. Persons learn these values and norms through the procedure of socialization which occurs through societal establishments such as the household, faith and the media ( Haralambos and Holborn 2008 ) . These establishments can bring forth thoughts about what is considered normal or right ( Coppock and Dunn 2010 ) . From this it is non surprising that there is an attitude in society that people who experience mental wellness issues are violent and a danger to society ; even though there is no relationship between mental wellness and force ( Rogers and Pilgrim 2006 ) . However, the general media uses footings like psycho ( Ward 2012 ) or crazed gunslinger ( Perrie 2011 ) in relation to Acts of the Apostless of force creates prejudice. This bias can so be used to know apart. For illustration, a community may non desire a mental place to open nigh them as the mental people will do a menace to their community. The S degree is the degree of institutional subjugation and favoritism. Ideas that Thompson ( 2012: 34 ) refers to as being sewn in to the cloth of society . Western psychopathology is loaded with cultural values and premises that are based on western civilization ( Coppock and Dunn 2010 ) . This suggests that western and white is normality and anything that deviates from this is abnormal ( Corneau and Stergiopoulos 2012 ) , or as antecedently discussed ; other . It is the C and S degree which the essay will concentrate on more. Institutional racism explains how institutional constructions, systems and the procedure embedded in society and structures that promote racial inequality ( Jones 1997 ) . It is considered to be the corporate failure of an administration to supply an appropriate and professional service to people because of their coloring material, civilization or cultural beginning ( MacPherson 1999 ) . Jones ( cited Marlow and Loveday 2000: 30 ) goes farther than this definition to besides include Torahs, imposts, and patterns which consistently reflect and produce racial inequalities . Institutional racism is believed to be a more elusive and covert type of racism ( Bhui 2002 ) and frequently said to be unwilled ( Griffith et al 2007 ) . BME groups are otherwise represented in psychopathology ( Sashidharan 2001 ) . Peoples of African-Caribbean heritage are over represented yet people of Asiatic heritage underrepresented in mental wellness scenes ( Sashidharan 2001 ) . As BME groups deviate from the white norms they appear to have either excessively much attending or excessively small ( Sashidharan 2001 ) . This would propose that the systems which operate within psychopathology are institutionally racist. Both race and mental unwellness are societal concepts ( Thompson 1997 ; Bailey 2004 ) . Thompson ( 1997 ) argues that despite the deficiency in biological grounds for the account of racial classs it is still a widely common manner of thought. Bailey ( 2004 ) argues that mental unwellness has ever been a societal concept hence unfastened to racism and other signifiers of favoritism. The declassification of homosexualism in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ) illustrates Bailey s ( 2004 ) point. Race instantly brings up issues around power and the relationship between what is seen as natural and social ( Westwood 2002 ) . Historically it was viewed that inequalities around race had a natural account ( Westwood 2002 ) . Race could be traced back to anthological tradition ( Rogers 2006 ; Craig et Al 2012 ) and colonial discourse with the belief that white individuality is superior ( Westwood 2002 ) and that black people are deficient civilization , barbarians and a subhuman species ( Bailey 2004: 408-409 ) . Harmonizing to Bailey ( 2004: 408 ) the effects of racism on psychopathology can be straight linked to the early stereotypes about black people originating from pseudoscientific racism . It is this pseudoscience racism ( scientific discipline which lacks scientific method or grounds ) that underpins racism in mental wellness services today ( Bailey 2004 ) . Racism has many different sides and is a multidimensional signifier of subjugation and favoritism ( Corneau and Stergiopoulos 2012 ; Thompson 2012 ) . Racism is widely known to be the cause of disparities in wellness and mental wellness ( McKenzie in Bhui 2002 ; Griffith et Al 2007 ; Craig et Al 2012 ) . BME persons find themselves voyaging their manner through a system that works from the dominant discourse of the medical theoretical account ( Corneau and Stergiopoulos 2012 ) . This allows a little sum of room for different and alternate models to dispute racism which is already ingrained in the system. To exemplify this point I will utilize an illustration from my pattern. I work with a black adult female who experiences mental wellness issues. She has religious beliefs and normally openly takes about her beliefs at place. She fears one occupant as he is really spiritual and she feels that he has special powers . I supported her to an assignment with her head-shrinker as she had begun to experience mentally unwell. He did non ask about any societal, cultural or structural factors that may impact on her mental wellness. I tried to recommend the experiences she had shared with me and reiterated what she was stating. However, he advised her that the tugging she experienced in her tummy was physical and to see a physician and increased her anti-psychotic medicine. Her religious experiences were non validated, he individualised the cause of her illness and used a medical intercession. Western psychopathology tends to divide the head from the organic structure and spirit ( Bailey 2004 ) . Harmonizing to Bailey ( 2004 ) many BME service users find this attack unhelpful and irrelevant to their experiences of mental hurt . This is because for many BME the head, organic structure and spirit work in brotherhood and the feelings and behaviors behind this is woven into people s wider being ( Bailey 2004 ) . Kortmann ( 2010 ) believes that these types of clinical intercession are frequently uneffective due to service users non-western beginning and tend to discontinue interventions earlier. For illustration, some African civilizations can believe that ictuss are cause by evil liquors ( Kortmann 2010 ) and hence do non take medicine prescribed as they do non believe it to be an unwellness. Westwood ( 2002 ) writes that the negative impact of racism can hold a important impact on an person s mental wellness. However in a recent piece of research Ayalon and Gum ( 2011 ) concluded that black older grownups experienced the highest sum of prejudiced events but there was a weaker association with this and experiences of mental wellness issues. To account for this it was concluded that BME groups experienced more events of favoritism over their life class and as a consequence have become more resilient to it ( Ayalon and Gum 2011 ) . Some authors argue that to build institutional racism as the account to the disparities in mental wellness can add to the argument and efficaciously alienate BME groups even further ( Singh and Burns 2006 ) . Singh and Burn ( 2006 ) province that, the accusal of racism within psychopathology will give service users the outlook that they will have a poorer service and this will promote service users to withdraw with services or offer voluntary admittance. What Singh and Burn ( 2006 ) are theorizing is presented by Livingstone ( 2012 ) as self-stigma ; the stigma that is present on an single degree instead than on a cultural or societal. It is the stigma that is internalised that can forestall people from entree services ( Livingstone 2012 ) and therefore, actively know aparting against one s ego. Therefore, Singh and Burns ( 2006 ) argue that persons to remain off from needed services until it is excessively late and there are few options but to confine them and implement intervention . Although Singh and Burn ( 2006 ) make a logical point they fail to recognize BME service user experiences of Mental Health Services. Bowl ( 2007 ) conducted a qualitative research to derive the positions and experiences of South Asian service users as most literature is through the lens of faculty members and professionals. The experiences of this South Asiatic group would surely propose the presence of institutional racism within Mental wellness Services. The chief countries identified were their dissatisfaction in non being understood in the appraisal procedure due to linguistic communication barriers and cultural incompetency ( Bowl 2007 ) . This misinterpretation led to misdiagnosis and refusal of services ( Bowl 2007 ) . Racism is frequently non the lone signifier of subjugation that people face. Disadvantage can happen from several countries ( Marlow and Loveday 2000 ) . BME groups sing mental wellness issues are already subjected to multiple subjugation. There is non adequate words in this essay to research this farther but wanted to admit that signifiers of subjugation are non experienced in isolation of each other. For illustration, links have been made between person s lower socio-economic position and experience of mental wellness issues and how black people can confront the added emphasis of gaining less and sing higher degrees of unemployment ( Chakraborty and McKenzie 2002 ) . This begins to exemplify the complexness and how subjugation is inextricably intertwined. Institutional racism has been highlight in a figure of Inquiries in pattern. It was foremost highlighted in the Stephen Lawrence Report in 1999 ; a black immature individual who was murdered in a racialist onslaught and yet once more in the David Bennett Inquiry in 2003 ; a black adult male who died in 1998 after being restrained faced down by several nurses for about half an hr. Lord Laming ( 2003 ) besides identified issues around racism in his Inquiry into the decease of Victoria Climbie. There is non adequate words to travel into any of these enquiries in any item but they have been included to show institutional racism in pattern in the constabulary, mental wellness service and societal work. It may look that whilst mental wellness services operate within the medical theoretical account that is catered towards the white bulk things will non alter. Institutions and systems are so hard to alter, nevertheless societal workers can work with service users to authorise, recommend, challenge and expose favoritism in services and convey approximately societal alteration. Authorization is complex in general but becomes more complex in relation to race and ethnicity ( Thompson 2007 ) . Social workers need to foremost be cognizant of institutional racism before they are able to dispute it ( Thompson 2007 ) . For societal workers to dispute institutional racism they need to dispute policies that do non turn to the demands of BME groups. To make this, societal workers need to be cognizant of the complex power dealingss and deeply deep-rooted racialist forms in society ( Thompson 2007 ) . In my pattern in a mental wellness puting I have contact with medical professionals and frequently back up services users to assignments. I find that I must keep onto my societal work values and non acquire drawn into the medical theoretical account manner of working but to stay holistic in my attack. To reason, this essay has demonstrated that favoritism is far more complex than handling person otherwise. It has focused on a more elusive, covert and indirect signifier of favoritism: institutional racism. The essay has examined the links between favoritism, racism and power and introduced the thought that mental unwellness and race are both societal concepts. It is this elusive and covert signifier of favoritism that can be damaging. It can be difficult to recognize as it is woven into the really fabric of society ( Thompson 2012 ) . However, the message in this essay is that societal workers need to recognize power dealingss, how they operate, on what degree they operate at and to dispute favoritism ( anti-discriminatory pattern ) and work with service user to authorise them to get the better of these obstructions ( anti-oppressive pattern ) . Social workers must swim against the tide and non conspire with these attitudes no affair how profoundly deep-rooted and embedded they are in society. For the societal workers that fail to make so will finally go portion of the job. Word count: 3281